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Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

It is any self-regulating process by which an organism tends to maintain stability while adjusting to conditions that are best for its survival. The Plasma membrane also takes part in maintaining this process.

A

Homeostasis

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2
Q

It is a watery mixture of ions, enzymes, RNA and other dissolved substances.

A

Cytosol

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3
Q

It forms a barrier between the cell and its exterior. It regulates the passage of substances and it receives and responds to external stimuli

A

Cell/Plasma Membrane

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4
Q

The area of the cell between the nucleus and the cell membrane. It is also considered as the cell’s factory floor.

A

Cytoplasm

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5
Q

It is often referred to as the governor of the cell because it controls all cell activity by regulating what proteins are made.

A

Nucleus

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6
Q

It is the informational molecule that is needed by the cells to make proteins.

A

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

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7
Q

It is a single-stranded RNA molecule that copies the information of the protein and leaves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.

A

mRNA (messenger RNA)

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8
Q

It is a dense spot that assembles the components of ribosome that is found inside the nucleus.

A

Nucleolus

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9
Q

The mRNA molecules exit the nucleus through these holes in the nuclear envelope.

A

Nuclear Pores

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10
Q

This separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.

A

Nuclear Envelope

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11
Q

Ribosomes consist of 2 separate subunits. What are these?

A 
Lower subunit (Large ribosomes)
Upper subunit (small ribosomes)
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12
Q

This is also called as the factory of proteins. The mRNA coming form the nucleus binds to this oganelle

A

Ribosomes

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13
Q

Proteins that are destined for organelles, cell membrane or for secretions, are produced by?

A

Ribosomes attached to the membrane of the ER

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14
Q

This is a network of sacs and tubules composed of membranes and this organelle originates at the nuclear envelope and winds throughout the cell.

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

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15
Q

This type of ribosome produce proteins that remain in the cell’s cytosol.

A

Free floating ribosomes

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16
Q

What is rough ER’s function?

A

It synthesize proteins

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17
Q

This is where lipids and proteins travel out from the ER in bubbles of membrane.

A

Transport Vesicles

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18
Q

This is a section of the network that synthesizes lipids, houses enzymes that detoxify drugs and poisons.

A

Smooth ER

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19
Q

This is a stack of flat membrane-enclosed sacs that finishes, sorts, labels and ships protein.

A

Golgi Apparatus

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20
Q

This membrane surface is studded with ribosomes making proteins that enter the inner compartment of the ER.

A

Rough ER

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21
Q

These are formed by the enzymes in the Golgi apparatus manufacture and attach carbohydrates to protein or lipids.

A

Name tags that are recognized by the immune system

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22
Q

Proteins leaving Golgi apparatus are sorted an packaged into what? and where are these proteins released?

A

It turns into new transport vesicle and released into cytoplasm.

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23
Q

What is the purpose of Lysosomes in your body?

A
  1. Lysosomes dismantle and recycle food particles, captured bacteria, worn-out organelles and debris.
  2. They fuse with transport vesicle carrying debris from outside or within the cell
  3. The enzymes of the lysosome (hydrolytic enzyme) breaks down the large organic molecules into smaller subunits releasing them into the cytosol for the cell to use.
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24
Q

What happens to an injured cell due to extreme cold, heat or another physical stress?

A

The cell may initiate its own death by bursting all of its lysosomes at once.

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25
Q

These are organelles produced by the Golgi apparatus that contain powerful protein digesting enzymes.

A

Lysosome

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26
Q

These are sacs that form by the fusion of multiple vesicles.

A

Vacuole

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27
Q

What are the 3 types of vacuoles?

A

Central vacuole, Contractile vacuole and Food vacuole

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28
Q

Central vacuole have concentrated water or fluids to keep plant cells plump, so stems, leaves, and other plant parts stay firm.

True or False?

A

True

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29
Q

This is where amino acids, sugar, ions, wastes, and toxins accumulate. (Mature plant cells have this)

A

Large Central Vacuole

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30
Q

This organelle originates at the endoplasmic reticulum and it contains enzymes that digest and then oxidize certain toxic molecule.

A

Peroxisomes

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31
Q

What is mitochondria’s function?

A

They make a steady supply of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP), an energy carrying molecule.

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32
Q

This organelle is often referred to as the powerhouse or the energy factories of the cell.

A

Mitochodria

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33
Q

This is the process of making ATP using chemical energy from fuels such as sugars.

A

Cellular Respiration

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34
Q

These are the fold of the inner membrane.

A

Cristae folds

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35
Q

What are the 2 membrane layers of the mitochondria?

A

Outer membrane

Inner membrane - folded inner membrane that encloses the mitochondrial matrix

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36
Q

What happens within the mitochondrial matrix?

A

The DNA and Ribosomes are found inside this matrix. This DNA encodes proteins essential for mitochondrial function.

37
Q

These are found only in plants and photosynthetic algae.

A

Chloroplast

38
Q

What is the purpose of chloroplast?

A

They carry out the process of photosynthesis.

39
Q

What is the function of cristae folds?

A

This houses enzymes that catalyze reactions of cellular respiration

40
Q

This is the 3rd membrane system of the chloroplast that folded into flattened sacs.

A

Thykaloid

41
Q

Thylakoids that are stacked like pancakes to form structures

A

Grana

42
Q

In this process, the light energy is collected and used to build sugars from carbon dioxide.

A

Photosynthesis

43
Q

This is the 2 outer membrane layers enclose an enzyme-rich fluid that contains thylakoid.

A

Stroma

44
Q

This is where the chlorophyll is embedded.

A

Thylakoid Membranes

45
Q

This theory states that some ancient organism engulfed bacterial cells and rather than digesting them as food the host cells kept them on as partners (mitochondria and chloroplast)

A

Endosymbiosis Theory

46
Q

What are the similarities between chloroplast and mitochondria?

A

They both have their own DNA and ribosomes, and both are surrounded by double membranes

47
Q

What are the kinds of cytoskeleton?

A

Microfilaments, Intermediate Filaments, Microtubules

48
Q

What are the functions of the cytoskeleton?

A
  1. Transportation System
  2. It provides the physical support to maintain the cell’s 3D shape
  3. It aids in cell division and helps connect cells to one another
  4. It enables cells to move
49
Q

This type of cytoskeleton is composed of actin protein. They provide strength for cell to survive stretching and compression, and help cells anchor to one another. (The narrowest cytoskeleton)

A

Microfilaments

50
Q

This is an intricate network of proteins “tracks” and tubules in the cytoplasm of the cell.

A

Cytoskeleton

51
Q

This type of cytoskeleton have varied protein composition. They maintain cell’s shape by forming an internal scaffold in the cytosol and resisting mechanical stress. It also help bind some cells together.

A

Intermediate Filament

52
Q

This type of cytoskeleton is composed of tubulin proteins. They form a type of “trackway” along which substances move within the cell. It also split a cell’s duplicated chromosomes apart during cell division

A

Microtubules

53
Q

Centrosome contains 2 of these.

A

Centrioles

54
Q

In animal cells, this structure organize the microtubules.

A

Centrosome

55
Q

What is the function of cell wall?

A

Cell walls impart shape, regulate, cell volume, prevent bursting when a cell takes in too much water, and interact with other molecules to help determine how a cell in a complex organism specialize.

56
Q

This organelle surround the cell membranes of nearly bacteria, archaea, fungi, algae and plants.

A

Cell wall

57
Q 
What are the materials that may make up a cell wall with the following below?
Bacteria:
Fungi:
Plants:
Hemicellulose:
A

Bacteria: Peptidoglycan
Fungi: Chitin
Plants: Cellulose
Hemicellulose: Pectin

58
Q

These are the channels that connect adjacent cells. They move the material from one cell to another via a thin strand of cytoplasm that passes through each channel.

A

Plasmodesmata (singular, plasmodesma)

59
Q

What is the plant’s cell wall consist of?

A

Cellulose, Glycoproteins, Enzymes and other proteins

60
Q

These are small, membranous spheres that transport materials inside the cell and connects the organelles of the endomembrane system

A

Vesicles

61
Q

Endomembrane is consist of?

A

Nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and cell membrane

62
Q

This system is a group of interrelated membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that work together to enable cells to produce, modify, package and transport lipids and proteins.

A

Endomembrane System

63
Q

What are the functions of the movement of newly synthesized proteins coming form rough ER to various destinations?

A
  1. Replaces proteins in the plasma membrane
  2. Creates lysosomes
  3. Secretes outside cell
64
Q

What are the 2 domains that are prokaryotic?

A

Domain Archaea and Domain Bacteria

65
Q

What kind of domain is eukaryotic?

A

Domain Eukaryota

66
Q

Give examples of species that are Prokaryotes.

A

Bacteria (E.coli, Streptococcus Bacterium), Archaea,

67
Q

Give examples of eukaryotes?

A

Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protozoa

68
Q

Differentiate plant cells and animal cells

A

Plant cells have single and large vacuole while Animal cells have many and small ones.
Plant cells have chloroplast while animal cells don’t.
Plant cells have cell wall and animal cells don’t.

69
Q

What is the main advantage of small cell size?

A

Small cells can better take up sufficient nutrients and oxygen to service their cell volume

70
Q

Enumerate the step by step process of endomembrane system.

6 steps

A
  1. Nucleus transcribe DNA to RNA then further processed by mRNA
  2. mRNA is transported out the nucleus to ribosomes docked to the surface of the ER
  3. Ribosome translates the information (mRNA to Protein)
  4. From the rough ER to the Golgi apparatus
  5. The Golgi apparatus process and sorts the protein and packaged into secretory vesicles
  6. Vesicles are now transported to the plasma membrane waiting for secretion (it is when the vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane)
71
Q

This is the process in which a cell changes from one cell type to another. This occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex tissue.

A

Cellular Differentiation

72
Q

What is happening during cellular differentiation?

A

It occurs when the development of a multicellular organisms happens. The simple zygote changes to a complex system of tissues and cell type?

73
Q

This is a 2 bean shaped cells found at the bottom of the leaf that controls the opening and closing of stomata. It also plays an important role in gas exchange.

A

Guard Cells

74
Q

This is an unspecialized cell that can divide without limit.

A

Stem Cell

75
Q

Enumerate the different plant specialized cells.

Hint: (GET ur PMX)

A 
Guard cells
Epidermal cells
Trichomes
ur
Phloem cells
Mesophyll cells
Xylem cells
76
Q

This specialized cell captures sunlight and allows gas exchange for photosynthesis.

A

Mesophyll Cells

77
Q

What are the 2 types of mesophyll cells?

A

Palisade mesophyll cells (contains a lot of chloroplast)

Spongy mesophyll cells ( loosely-packed-irregular shape that has few chloroplast)

78
Q

This is a protective layer that can be found on top of the leaf or the bottom of the leaf. It forms a boundary from the outside to help contain the water of the plants. This usually don’t contain chloroplast.

A

Plant Epidermal Cells

79
Q

It is a plant hair-shaped cells that is use to secrete toxic substances against insects and help protects plants that live in hot areas that get a lot of direct sunlight.

A

Trichomes

80
Q

What is the difference between xylem and phloem?

A

Xylem transports water while phloem transports products of photosynthesis.

81
Q

Enumerate the different animal specialized cell.

Hint: (MeN=WaR)

A 
Muscle cells
e
Nerve cells
White blood cells
a
Red blood cells
(sorry sakong hints corny sya)
82
Q

This have irregular shapes that destroys pathogens and fights infections. (animal specialized cell)

A

White Blood Cells

83
Q

What are the different kinds of White Blood Cells?

A

Granulocytes (has granules in the cytoplasm)

Agranulocytes (lacks visible granules in the cytoplasm)

84
Q

This cells have more mitochondria than other body cell types. It needs more ATP energy because it is responsible for the production of force and motion.

A

Muscle cells

85
Q

What are the 3 essential parts of the nerve cells?

A

Cell body
Axon
Dendrites

86
Q

This cell type transmits impulse or signal conduction.

A

Nerve cells

87
Q

This can’t be measure by any tools.

A

My love for you HAHAHAHAH

88
Q

Give an example of the most beautiful human being on earth?

A

YOU HAHAHAHHAH

89
Q

Humana na ba kos akong trip?

A

Yes last nato HAHAHAH

General Biology (1 decks)

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