Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Foundations of medicine year 1 > cells > Flashcards

cells Flashcards

1
Q

what organelles do prokaryotic cells lack and give an example of a prokaryotic cell

A

Bacteria cell
no nuclear membrane
no mitochondria
no membrane bound organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are stem cells

A

cells that can differentiate into many (multipotent) or any (pluripotent) cell types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

during cell differentiation, why do daughter cells develop into different cell types

A

due to the differences in gene expression and the local cellular environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is apoptosis

A

controlled, programmed cell death. It’s a normal process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what do you can the process when cells die in response to injury or infection

A

Necrosis- not a normal process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what do proteins in the cell membrane act as and what do these detect

A

receptors-to detect chemical messengers and signalling molecules in the fluid surrounding cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are nucleoli

A

sites or ribosomal RNA synthesis and ribosomal assembly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what the difference between rough ER and smooth ER

A

rough has ribosomes attached which synthesis proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the function of the RER and SER

A

RER- protein synthesis by the ribosomes, and modifies proteins
SER- lipid and steroid hormone production and metabolism of toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the function of the golgi apparatus

A

packages up proteins in preparation for transport out of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are cristae

A

folds in the inner membrane of the mitochondria which increase surface area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what does the matrix in the mitochondria hold

A

most of the enzymes required for metabolising food molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are lysosomes and what are their function

A

membrane bound vesicles containing enzymes and they separate enzymes from rest of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the function of the cytoskeleton

A

supports and maintains cell shape, holds organelles in position and helps move organelles around the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what 3 forms of protein make up the cytoskeleton

A
  1. microfilaments
  2. Intermediate Filaments
  3. Microtubules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

name 2 examples of cells that are made of microtubules and describe each

A

cilia- short, many present, move with stiff power stroke and flexible recovery stroke
flagella- longer, usually 1 or 2 present, movement is snakelike

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

why is it important to not disrupt the apoptotic process

A

as disruption is associated with some cancers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is carbon describes as and why

A

versatile- as it can form stable bonds with H, O and N. This versatility explains why it forms the basis of almost all biomolecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the definition of configuration

A

the fixed arrangement of atoms in a molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

name the 2 distinct configurations that biomolecules containing c=c can have

A

trans- wonky tick shape?

cis- half a hexagon shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What do you call molecules that are asymmetric and symmetrical

A 
asymmetric= chiral
symmetrical= achiral
22
Q

what are chiral molecules describes as being-

A

L- (Laevo
D- (Dextro)
these exert different biological effects

23
Q

List the 5 types of chemical reactions

A
  1. Redox reaction
  2. Making/breaking c-c bond
  3. internal rearrangements
  4. Group transfer
  5. Condensation/ hydrolysis
24
Q

NADH and NAD+ are what type of agents

A

NADH- reducing agent

NAD+ - oxidising agent

25
Q

what is a condensation reaction

A

when 2 smaller molecules combine to form a larger molecule and doing so release water (or other small molecules)

26
Q

what is a hydrolysis reaction

A

when a larger molecule is broken down into 2 smaller molecules, using water to do so.

27
Q

the sub units of what 3 molecules are joined and broken by condensation and hydrolysis reactions

A

proteins
polysaccharides
nucleic acids

28
Q

what is cyclic form

A

the form that monomers are locked in when they link together

29
Q

what does the end monomer in a cyclic form, form?

A

a reducing end and it remains linear

30
Q

the linear form in a monomer chain has contains what type of group and what does this allow

A

contains an aldehyde group- which can be oxidised. If it’s oxidised another reactant would be reduced so glucose is termed a ‘reducing sugar’

31
Q

name the 2 kinds of base in nucleic acids and give examples

A

pyrimidines- C, T, U

Purines- A, G

32
Q

state 3 differences between RNA and DNA

A
  1. DNA has deoxyribose sugar, RNA has ribose
  2. DNA is double stranded, RNA is single stranded
  3. DNA has the base Thymine, RNA has the base Uracil
33
Q

what makes a fatty acid molecule more fluid

A

the more unsaturated (double bonds) the fatty acid chain has, the more fluid it is.

34
Q

state what a lipid is and name the 3 classes of them

A

a lipid is a family of molecules made up of fatty acids

  1. triglycerides
  2. phospholipids
  3. sterols
35
Q

whats the difference between triacylglycerides and phospholipids

A

triglycerides have 3 fatty acid chains linked to glycerol and phospholipids have 2 fatty acid chains and a phosphate head

36
Q

what type of lipid forms biological cell membranes

A

phospholipids!!

37
Q

whats the most important sterol in humans

A

cholesterol

38
Q

water is polar- what does this mean

A

the charge within the water molecule is not distributed evenly giving it a slightly +ve charge at the H end and a slight -ve charge at the O end

39
Q

in what shape of molecule are hydrogen bonds strongest and why is this of biological importance

A

when the 3 atoms involved lie in a straight line.
Of biologically importance because it determines the very precise 3D structures of lots of molecules such as proteins and DNA

40
Q

what is the hydrophobic effect

A

when hydrophobic molecules eg. lipids, cluster together to minimise contact with surrounding water molecules and minimise disruption of H bonding

41
Q

what do you call a molecule that contains both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts and give an example of a molecule

A

amphipathic

phospholipids example

42
Q

how to phospholipids minimise disruption of their H bonds

A

form micelles or bilayers so that the hydrophobic tail is facing inwards and protected form water contact

43
Q

what is a liposome

A

a sphere made up of lots of phospholipids that has a lipid bilayer outer shell and a hollow core

44
Q

whats the difference between a micelle and a liposome

A

a micelle has no core and a liposome has a hollow core

micelle has a single layer of phospholipids

45
Q

what is a chylomicron

A

its like a liposome with protein embedded in the shell and lipid store in the core

46
Q

what is the purpose of the hydrophilic shell on a chylomicron

A

to allow the chylomicron to be transported in the aqueous plasma of the blood

47
Q

how does oxygen and carbon dioxide travel in blood plasma

A

oxygen- in haemoglobin in red blood cells

co2- forms bicarbonate ions in the presence of water

48
Q

whats the difference between a strong and weak acids/bases

A

strong acids/bases are fully dissociated when dissolved in water
weak acids/bases are only partially dissociated when dissolved in water

49
Q

name the buffer systems used in cells and plasma

A

cells- phosphate

plasma- bicarbonate

50
Q

when you add more buffer and more H buffer, what effect do these have on PH

A

buffer- PH increases, becomes more alkaline

H Buffer- PH decreases, becomes more acidic

Foundations of medicine year 1 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions