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Biology Year 11 > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Outer membrane of cell that controls movement in and out of the cell it’s also double layered

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2
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

The liquid medium where chemical reactions take place

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3
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Controls cell activity separated from the cytoplasm by nuclear membrane contains genetic material

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4
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Releases energy through respiration breaking down fats and carbs, controls level of water and other materials in cell. Found in the cytoplasm. The chemical reactions are aerobic respiration take place within the mitochondria. Cells like muscle cells need lots of energy and so have more mitochondria in their cytoplasm.

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5
Q

What is a cellulose cell wall

A

Most commonly found in plant cells and bacteria plant cells. Cell walls are composed made of cellulose supports and protects cells.

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6
Q

What is the permanent vacuole?

A

Contains cell sap, helps plants maintain shape.

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7
Q

What is the function of the chloroplasts?

A

Contain green chlorophyll to absorb light energy, where photosynthesis takes place

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8
Q

What are bacteria?

A

Microscopic single celled organisms. They are neither plant nor animal cell because their cell structure is so different.

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9
Q

What is the function of the circular chromosome?

A

DNA that controls cell activity. Circular and free in cytoplasm.

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10
Q

Function of plasmids?

A

Tiny circular sections of extra DNA

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11
Q

The function of the cell wall

A

Maintains cell shape and structure.

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12
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Location of chemical reactions

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13
Q

What is the flagellum?

A

Whip like structure used to move/swim

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14
Q

What happens when plants aren’t watered

A

They wilt as the vacuole needs watered and without can’t hold its shape

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15
Q

2 structures in bacterial cells that contain DNA

A

Genetic material

Ring of plasmid

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16
Q

Why do we use a coverslip

A

To hold the specimen in place and to stop the specimen drying out

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17
Q

How do u estimate the length of one cell

A

Diameter of field of view over estimated number of cells that cross the diameter

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18
Q

How do you find the total magnification

A

Multiplying the power of the ocular lens by objective lens

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19
Q

Metre millimetre and micrometer

A

M
Mm
um

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20
Q

Magnification

A

Size of image over size of object

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21
Q

Magnification triangle

A

I am

22
Q

How do u magnify when it’s given with its actual length

A

Measure the cell, convert it to micrometers and divide by the actual length

23
Q

What does red blood cells do and what do they contain

A

Delivers oxygen to the cells and contains haemoglobin

24
Q

What do nerve cells do and what do they contain

A

Designed to stimulate other cells on the body in order to communicate, and making sense of touch possible and warning the body of dangers

25
Q

What do skin cells do and what do they contain

A

A protective barrier that keeps nutrients and water inside the body and protects against pathogens and excessive water loss

26
Q

What are cells

A

They come in all shapes and sizes they are the smallest unit that can carry out all seven life processes

27
Q

What are tissues

A

Formed from groups of similar cells there cells work together to do a particular job

28
Q

What are organs

A

Made from a group of different tissues which all work together to do a particular job.

29
Q

Describe an organ system

A

Made from a group of different organs which all work together to do a particular job

30
Q

Describe an organism

A

An independent living thing

31
Q

Examples of cells

A

Muscle, palisade cell

32
Q

Examples of tissue

A

Muscle, tissue

33
Q

Examples of organs

A

Lungs heart

34
Q

Examples of organ system

A

Respiratory, circulatory system

35
Q

Examples of organisms

A

Plant, animal

36
Q

What do cells in living organisms need to be able to obtain

A

Oxygen and glucose for respiration nitrate ions for plants for growth. They also need to be able to remove waste eg waste

37
Q

What happens in unicellular organisms

A

The exchange takes place through the cell surface membrane. They have specialised exchange surfaces and in more complex organisms there is transport system that links to the specialised exchange surface eg gills in fish

38
Q

What is diffusion

A

Net movement of gas or dissolved molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until equilibrium is reached

39
Q

Small organisms…

A

Gain all their requirements through their body surface and remove waste the same way

40
Q

Larger organisms…

A

Do not have enough surface area to meet the metabolic needs of the large number of cells that are not in direct contact with the surrounding environment

41
Q

What equilibrium is reached

A

There is no net movement and it’s passive so it does not require energy because substances are moving down the concentration gradient.

42
Q

What effects the rate of diffusion

A

Temperature = higher Temp more kinetic energy so faster diffusion
Concentration gradient=bigger concentration difference the steeper the concentration gradient faster diffusion.
Surface area= the larger the surface area the faster diffusion will happen

43
Q

Explain efficient diffusion

A

Maintained concentration gradient
Large surface area
Thin and short diffusion distance

44
Q

What are stem cells two important abilities

A

They can divide into more stem cells and they can differentiate into a wide variety of specialised cell types

45
Q

What are embryonic stem cells

A

Undifferentiated cells capable of continuing cell devisions and of developing into almost all the cell types of an adult organism

46
Q

What are adult stem cells

A

Undifferentiated cells capable of cell divisions and of giving rise to a limited range of cells within a tissue type eg blood stem cells give rise to red and white cells and platelets only

47
Q

What can stem cells be used to treat

A

Incurable diseases

48
Q

Where do stem cells come from

A

Embryos

49
Q

What ethical issue does this cause

A

Murder abortion

50
Q

What is therapeutic cloning and what are the advantages and disadvantages

A

Creating cloned adult cells to translate back into the patient

Biology Year 11 (1 decks)

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