Cells Flashcards
Functions of cell membrane
1 structural support 2 selectively permeable 3 signal transduction- respond to stimuli 4 intercellular interactions 5 compartmentalisation
4 tissues and functions
1 epithelium- line/cover- glands
2 connective tissue- support/protect
3 nerve- fast communication
4 muscle- movement
Name 4 proteins in cell membrane
1 transporters
2 anchors- anchor intracellular cytoskeleton to ECM
3 receptors
4 enzymes
Functions of nuclear lamina (intermediate filaments)
1 supports nuclear envelope
2 essential in DNA transcription/gene regulation
3 anchors heterochromatin
4 spatial organisation of nuclear pore
Mitochondria functions
- ATP through aerobic respiration
- cell signalling
- cellular differentiation
- apoptosis
- cell cycle
Functions of cytoskeleton
- cell shape
- res to deformation
- actively contacts to allow movement
- endocytosis
- intracellular transport
- cell signalling pathways
- cell division- segregation chromosomes
- specialised strictures
Name 3 parts of cytoskeleton, location, function
1 microfilaments (actin) plasma membrane -shape/movement by lamellipodia/filopodia 2 microtubules- centrosome extend to periphery- intracellular transport, cell division, location of organelles 3 intermediate filaments -around nucleus- extend to periphery- strength/prevent stretching by desmosomes/hemidesmosomes
3 specialised structures of cytoskeleton and what type
1 cilia- microtubules -9+2 and protein dynein
2 flagella- microtubules- 9+2
3 microvilli- miceofilaments
Describe heterophagy
Destruction of endocytosed material
- primary lysosome fuses with phagosome to form phagolysosome
- hydrolytic enzymes
- residual body exits cell
Describe autophagy
Destruction of organelles in the cell
- forms autophagosome
- combines to form autophagolysosome
- waste released in cytoplasm
Functions of skin
1 protection (physical/langerhans) 2 control of evaporation 3 thermoregulation- sweat/dilate blood vessels 4 manufacture of vitD 5 sensation 6 absorption 7 storage/synthesis 8 excretion of sweat
What can epidermis be described as and name layers
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS KERATINISING EPITHELIUM
1 stratum corneum
2 stratum lucidum- thick skin
3 stratum granulosum- lipids
4 stratum spinosum- prickle cells- desmosomes, keratinicytes
5 stratum basale- single layer -cuboidal cells- melanocytes
Name 4 cells in skin
1 keratinocytes
2 melanocytes
3 langerhans (spinosum)
4 merkel cells- nerves for light touch sensation
Describe dermis and it’s layers
DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
-papillary
-reticular
(Fibroblasts produce collagen, veins, hair follicles, sweats glands, sensory receptors)
Describe hypodermis
Adipose for padding/anchor skin/thermal insulation/energy
Difference between thick/thin skin
Thick only on soles of feet/hands- no hair follicles- thicker layer of corneum- stratum lucidum
Name 3 skin appendages
1 sweat glands -eccrine (palms/soles-water) apocrine- pubic- protein
2 hair follicles- sebaceous gland&arrector pilli secrete sebum (softens, lubricates, prevents brittleness, slows water loss, kills bacteria)
Name some encapsulated/un receptors in skin
Unencapsulated- merkel, toot hair plexuses, free nerve endings
Encapsulated- Meissner corpuscles- light touch
- pacinian corpuscles- coarse touch
- Krause end bulb- genetalia low freq vibrations
- ruffini corpuscles- tension/twisting
Name some clinical skin problems
- melanoma cancer
- friction blisters
- vitiligo - decrease skin pigmentation
- albinism
- alopecia
- acne
- psoriasis- increase in keratinisation and desquamation
Describe anatomical position
Upright facing forwards
Palms forwards
Upper limbs extended bur resting at sides
Toes pointing forward
Name 4 anatomical planes
1 coronal
2 sagittal
3 oblique
4 transverse
Movements in coronal plane
- abduction
- inversion of feet
- flexion of thumb
Name movements in sagittal plane
- flexion
- adduction of thumb
- dorsi/plantar flexion
Name movement in transverse plane
Lateral rotation
Name 2 main body cavities
Dorsal and ventral
What’s in dorsal cavity
Cranial
Vertebral cavity
What’s in ventral cavity
Thoracic (pleural, mediastinum, pericardial)
Abdominal
Pelvic
Name facial cavities
Oral
Orbital
Nasal
Middle ear
Name 9 abdominopelvic quadrants
Right, left hypochondriac region, epigastric region
Right, left lumbar region, umbilical region
Right, left iliac/inguinal region, hypogastric region
Role of skeleton
1 locomotion
2 protection
3 produces RBC/ WBC
4 Stores Ca/P
How many bones and in which regions
206
Axial-80
Appendicular- 126
Name 7 main bones in axial skeleton
Skull, mandible, sternum, ribs, vertebral column, sacrum, coccyx
Name 8 main bones in appendicular
Femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges, coxa
Name 3 main joints and describe
1 fibrous- connective tissue
2 cartilage- hyaline/fibrous
3 synovial- cavity
Describe movement and location of 3 main joint types
- Fibrous - sutures- no movement in skull, slight movement in tibiofibular ligament
- cartilaginous- slight movement in hyaline epiphysis, fibrous hip bones and pubic symphysis, fibrous intervertebral discs
- synovial- Free movement - eg elbow - articular surface covered by hyaline cartilage, synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid, capsule, ligaments
Describe 3 movements of synovial joint
1 flexion/extension in Atlanto-occipital and cervical intervertebral joints 2 rotation of Atlanto-axial joint 3 supination of radioulnar 4 abduction of wrist/shoulder 5 shoulder circumfuction
Condyle
Large round protuberance, attachment of muscles
Facet
Smooth flat articular surface
Tubercle
Rounded elevation
Name 3 types of cartilage and locations and functions
1) hyaline- nasal cavity/costal/articular surfaces/trachea/bronchus- shock absorb&qithstand compression but allow bending
2) elastic- epiglottis, pinna of external ear-strech&recoil
3) fibrocartilage- articular menisci/intervebtatl discs/pubic symphysis/tendon insertions- tensile strength/resist compression/shock absorb-water from GAGs
Appearances/structure of 3 cartilages and fibres
1) hyaline=mottled- perichondrium, collagen II
2) elastic- spider like, collagen II, perichondrium
3) fibrocartilage- no perichondrium, straight rows of Chondrocytes, collagen I
Functions of bone
- protects internal organs
- supports body
- facilitates mocement
- stores and releases fat
- stores and releases minerals
- produces RBC
Describe ECM of bone
1) 95% collagen I
2) 5% proteoglycans/glycoproteins
- hardened by mineralisation of CaP —> hydroxyapatite crystals which surround fibres
Location and function of the 3 bone cells
1) osteoblasts- nearr surface, produce matrix
2) osteocytes- spread out in lacunae and connected by canniculi- transport of oxygen and nutrients through matrix and maintain matrix
3) osteoclasts- Howship’s lacynae- resorb bone
Structure of 2 bone types
1) compact- haversion system- collagen arranged in concentric lamellae around central canal of blood vessels/nerves- osteocytes connected by canniculi
2) spongy- trabeculaes/spicules beside red marrow spaces- lamellae arranged cocentrically no canal
Structure and function of periosteum and endosteum
Periosteum- osteoprogenitor cells, sharpey’s fibres (collagen), dense irregular CT
Endosteum
Osteoprogenitor cells, dense irregular CT
provide nutrients and new bone cells
Differences between bone and cartilage
- avascular (C)
- larger cells (C)
- clusters of cells vs cells connected by canniculi
- perichondrium vs periosteum&endosteum
Functions of CT
Connects organs and cells communication/transportation Cellular defence mechanisms Repair Supports tendons
Name cells in CT
Fixed -fibroblasts -mesenchymal -reticular cell -adipocyte Wandering -macrophage -plasma -WBC -mast cell
Describe structure &function of 3 fibres in CT
1) COLLAGEN- procollagen (3strands) - cleaved by proteolytic enzymes- tropocollagen- 67nm stagger- fibrils- cross linked -fibre
- tensile strength
2) ELASTIC- elastic core cross linked to fibrillin- stretch and recoil
3) RETICULAR - collagen III, individual fibres- network -intimidate support
Describe ground substance structure and function
- highly hydrated gel formed by glycosaminoglycans/proteoglycans & glycoproteins
- molecular seive- allow diffusion
- provide structural integrity/allow cell migration
Name 4 substances in proteoglycan
Hyaluronic acid
Keratan sulphate
Chondroitin sulphate
Heparin sulphate
(Help Kerry catch Ham)
Name where special CT found
1) around kidneys
2) breast
3) hypodermis
4) abdomen
Describe structure, location, function of 3 types of ordinary CT
1) loose areolar-lamina propria of mucosa, surrounds capillaries-lots of ground substance, widely dispersed collagen/fibroblasts-hold structures/organs in place
2) dense irregular-submucosa,perichondrium/osteum,dermis,fibrous capsule of organs- lots of GS-withstand tension in different directions
3) dense regular-tendons,ligaments,aponeuroses-collagen in parallel- max tensile strength
Name 3 CT disorders
1) scurvy- decrease in vitC so cant synthesise collagen
2) ehler danlos syndrome- skin extensibility/tissue fragility
3) marfans- lack of fibriklin for elastin so tall, sunken chest, heart valve defects, scoliosis
Define epithelium and location
Tissue that covers and lines
- oral/alimentary/respiratory/genitourinary
- glands/ducts
Characteristics of epithelium
1) contiguous
2) polarised
3) almost no intercellular substances
4) basement membrane
5) avascular
Functions of ept
- boundary
- cell renewal/repair
Classification of covering epithelium
1) simple/stratified
2) squamous/cuboidal/columnar
3) cilia/microvilli/keratin
Name 4 egs of epit
1) pseudostratified columnar ciliated
2) stratified squamous non-keratinising
3) stratified sq keratinising
4) transitional
How to classify a gland
-exo/endocrine
- duct simple/compound
- acinar/tubular
- serous/mucus/serous demilune
-merocrine/apo/holocrine
Adhesion specialisations of epit
- tight junction -maintain apical and lateral regions
- intermed junction-actin microfilaments
- desmosomes
- gap junction
- hemidesmosomes
Functions of ept basement membrane
1) anchors epithelium
2) polarity
3) protein distribution
4) scaffold for regenerating cells
5) cell migration
6) barrier
