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Microanatomy > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of cell membrane

A 
1 structural support 
2 selectively permeable 
3 signal transduction- respond to stimuli 
4 intercellular interactions 
5 compartmentalisation
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2
Q

4 tissues and functions

A

1 epithelium- line/cover- glands
2 connective tissue- support/protect
3 nerve- fast communication
4 muscle- movement

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3
Q

Name 4 proteins in cell membrane

A

1 transporters
2 anchors- anchor intracellular cytoskeleton to ECM
3 receptors
4 enzymes

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4
Q

Functions of nuclear lamina (intermediate filaments)

A

1 supports nuclear envelope
2 essential in DNA transcription/gene regulation
3 anchors heterochromatin
4 spatial organisation of nuclear pore

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5
Q

Mitochondria functions

A
  • ATP through aerobic respiration
  • cell signalling
  • cellular differentiation
  • apoptosis
  • cell cycle
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6
Q

Functions of cytoskeleton

A
  • cell shape
  • res to deformation
  • actively contacts to allow movement
  • endocytosis
  • intracellular transport
  • cell signalling pathways
  • cell division- segregation chromosomes
  • specialised strictures
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7
Q

Name 3 parts of cytoskeleton, location, function

A 
1 microfilaments (actin) plasma membrane -shape/movement by lamellipodia/filopodia
2 microtubules- centrosome extend to periphery- intracellular transport, cell division, location of organelles 
3 intermediate filaments -around nucleus- extend to periphery- strength/prevent stretching by desmosomes/hemidesmosomes
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8
Q

3 specialised structures of cytoskeleton and what type

A

1 cilia- microtubules -9+2 and protein dynein
2 flagella- microtubules- 9+2
3 microvilli- miceofilaments

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9
Q

Describe heterophagy

A

Destruction of endocytosed material

  • primary lysosome fuses with phagosome to form phagolysosome
  • hydrolytic enzymes
  • residual body exits cell
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10
Q

Describe autophagy

A

Destruction of organelles in the cell

  • forms autophagosome
  • combines to form autophagolysosome
  • waste released in cytoplasm
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11
Q

Functions of skin

A 
1 protection (physical/langerhans)
2 control of evaporation 
3 thermoregulation- sweat/dilate blood vessels 
4 manufacture of vitD
5 sensation 
6 absorption 
7 storage/synthesis 
8 excretion of sweat
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12
Q

What can epidermis be described as and name layers

A

STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS KERATINISING EPITHELIUM
1 stratum corneum
2 stratum lucidum- thick skin
3 stratum granulosum- lipids
4 stratum spinosum- prickle cells- desmosomes, keratinicytes
5 stratum basale- single layer -cuboidal cells- melanocytes

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13
Q

Name 4 cells in skin

A

1 keratinocytes
2 melanocytes
3 langerhans (spinosum)
4 merkel cells- nerves for light touch sensation

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14
Q

Describe dermis and it’s layers

A

DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
-papillary
-reticular
(Fibroblasts produce collagen, veins, hair follicles, sweats glands, sensory receptors)

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15
Q

Describe hypodermis

A

Adipose for padding/anchor skin/thermal insulation/energy

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16
Q

Difference between thick/thin skin

A

Thick only on soles of feet/hands- no hair follicles- thicker layer of corneum- stratum lucidum

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17
Q

Name 3 skin appendages

A

1 sweat glands -eccrine (palms/soles-water) apocrine- pubic- protein
2 hair follicles- sebaceous gland&arrector pilli secrete sebum (softens, lubricates, prevents brittleness, slows water loss, kills bacteria)

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18
Q

Name some encapsulated/un receptors in skin

A

Unencapsulated- merkel, toot hair plexuses, free nerve endings

Encapsulated- Meissner corpuscles- light touch

  • pacinian corpuscles- coarse touch
  • Krause end bulb- genetalia low freq vibrations
  • ruffini corpuscles- tension/twisting
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19
Q

Name some clinical skin problems

A
  • melanoma cancer
  • friction blisters
  • vitiligo - decrease skin pigmentation
  • albinism
  • alopecia
  • acne
  • psoriasis- increase in keratinisation and desquamation
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20
Q

Describe anatomical position

A

Upright facing forwards
Palms forwards
Upper limbs extended bur resting at sides
Toes pointing forward

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21
Q

Name 4 anatomical planes

A

1 coronal
2 sagittal
3 oblique
4 transverse

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22
Q

Movements in coronal plane

A
  • abduction
  • inversion of feet
  • flexion of thumb
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23
Q

Name movements in sagittal plane

A
  • flexion
  • adduction of thumb
  • dorsi/plantar flexion
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24
Q

Name movement in transverse plane

A

Lateral rotation

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25
Q

Name 2 main body cavities

A

Dorsal and ventral

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26
Q

What’s in dorsal cavity

A

Cranial

Vertebral cavity

27
Q

What’s in ventral cavity

A

Thoracic (pleural, mediastinum, pericardial)
Abdominal
Pelvic

28
Q

Name facial cavities

A

Oral
Orbital
Nasal
Middle ear

29
Q

Name 9 abdominopelvic quadrants

A

Right, left hypochondriac region, epigastric region
Right, left lumbar region, umbilical region
Right, left iliac/inguinal region, hypogastric region

30
Q

Role of skeleton

A

1 locomotion
2 protection
3 produces RBC/ WBC
4 Stores Ca/P

31
Q

How many bones and in which regions

A

206
Axial-80
Appendicular- 126

32
Q

Name 7 main bones in axial skeleton

A

Skull, mandible, sternum, ribs, vertebral column, sacrum, coccyx

33
Q

Name 8 main bones in appendicular

A

Femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges, coxa

34
Q

Name 3 main joints and describe

A

1 fibrous- connective tissue
2 cartilage- hyaline/fibrous
3 synovial- cavity

35
Q

Describe movement and location of 3 main joint types

A
  • Fibrous - sutures- no movement in skull, slight movement in tibiofibular ligament
  • cartilaginous- slight movement in hyaline epiphysis, fibrous hip bones and pubic symphysis, fibrous intervertebral discs
  • synovial- Free movement - eg elbow - articular surface covered by hyaline cartilage, synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid, capsule, ligaments
36
Q

Describe 3 movements of synovial joint

A 
1 flexion/extension in Atlanto-occipital and cervical intervertebral joints
2 rotation of Atlanto-axial joint
3 supination of radioulnar
4 abduction of wrist/shoulder
5 shoulder circumfuction
37
Q

Condyle

A

Large round protuberance, attachment of muscles

38
Q

Facet

A

Smooth flat articular surface

39
Q

Tubercle

A

Rounded elevation

40
Q

Name 3 types of cartilage and locations and functions

A

1) hyaline- nasal cavity/costal/articular surfaces/trachea/bronchus- shock absorb&qithstand compression but allow bending
2) elastic- epiglottis, pinna of external ear-strech&recoil
3) fibrocartilage- articular menisci/intervebtatl discs/pubic symphysis/tendon insertions- tensile strength/resist compression/shock absorb-water from GAGs

41
Q

Appearances/structure of 3 cartilages and fibres

A

1) hyaline=mottled- perichondrium, collagen II
2) elastic- spider like, collagen II, perichondrium
3) fibrocartilage- no perichondrium, straight rows of Chondrocytes, collagen I

42
Q

Functions of bone

A
  • protects internal organs
  • supports body
  • facilitates mocement
  • stores and releases fat
  • stores and releases minerals
  • produces RBC
43
Q

Describe ECM of bone

A

1) 95% collagen I
2) 5% proteoglycans/glycoproteins
- hardened by mineralisation of CaP —> hydroxyapatite crystals which surround fibres

44
Q

Location and function of the 3 bone cells

A

1) osteoblasts- nearr surface, produce matrix
2) osteocytes- spread out in lacunae and connected by canniculi- transport of oxygen and nutrients through matrix and maintain matrix
3) osteoclasts- Howship’s lacynae- resorb bone

45
Q

Structure of 2 bone types

A

1) compact- haversion system- collagen arranged in concentric lamellae around central canal of blood vessels/nerves- osteocytes connected by canniculi
2) spongy- trabeculaes/spicules beside red marrow spaces- lamellae arranged cocentrically no canal

46
Q

Structure and function of periosteum and endosteum

A

Periosteum- osteoprogenitor cells, sharpey’s fibres (collagen), dense irregular CT
Endosteum
Osteoprogenitor cells, dense irregular CT

provide nutrients and new bone cells

47
Q

Differences between bone and cartilage

A
  • avascular (C)
  • larger cells (C)
  • clusters of cells vs cells connected by canniculi
  • perichondrium vs periosteum&endosteum
48
Q

Functions of CT

A 
Connects organs and cells
communication/transportation
Cellular defence mechanisms
Repair
Supports tendons
49
Q

Name cells in CT

A 
Fixed 
-fibroblasts
-mesenchymal
-reticular cell
-adipocyte
Wandering
-macrophage
-plasma
-WBC
-mast cell
50
Q

Describe structure &function of 3 fibres in CT

A

1) COLLAGEN- procollagen (3strands) - cleaved by proteolytic enzymes- tropocollagen- 67nm stagger- fibrils- cross linked -fibre
- tensile strength
2) ELASTIC- elastic core cross linked to fibrillin- stretch and recoil
3) RETICULAR - collagen III, individual fibres- network -intimidate support

51
Q

Describe ground substance structure and function

A
  • highly hydrated gel formed by glycosaminoglycans/proteoglycans & glycoproteins
  • molecular seive- allow diffusion
  • provide structural integrity/allow cell migration
52
Q

Name 4 substances in proteoglycan

A

Hyaluronic acid
Keratan sulphate
Chondroitin sulphate
Heparin sulphate

(Help Kerry catch Ham)

53
Q

Name where special CT found

A

1) around kidneys
2) breast
3) hypodermis
4) abdomen

54
Q

Describe structure, location, function of 3 types of ordinary CT

A

1) loose areolar-lamina propria of mucosa, surrounds capillaries-lots of ground substance, widely dispersed collagen/fibroblasts-hold structures/organs in place
2) dense irregular-submucosa,perichondrium/osteum,dermis,fibrous capsule of organs- lots of GS-withstand tension in different directions
3) dense regular-tendons,ligaments,aponeuroses-collagen in parallel- max tensile strength

55
Q

Name 3 CT disorders

A

1) scurvy- decrease in vitC so cant synthesise collagen
2) ehler danlos syndrome- skin extensibility/tissue fragility
3) marfans- lack of fibriklin for elastin so tall, sunken chest, heart valve defects, scoliosis

56
Q

Define epithelium and location

A

Tissue that covers and lines

  • oral/alimentary/respiratory/genitourinary
  • glands/ducts
57
Q

Characteristics of epithelium

A

1) contiguous
2) polarised
3) almost no intercellular substances
4) basement membrane
5) avascular

58
Q

Functions of ept

A
  • boundary

- cell renewal/repair

59
Q

Classification of covering epithelium

A

1) simple/stratified
2) squamous/cuboidal/columnar
3) cilia/microvilli/keratin

60
Q

Name 4 egs of epit

A

1) pseudostratified columnar ciliated
2) stratified squamous non-keratinising
3) stratified sq keratinising
4) transitional

61
Q

How to classify a gland

A

-exo/endocrine

  • duct simple/compound
  • acinar/tubular
  • serous/mucus/serous demilune

-merocrine/apo/holocrine

62
Q

Adhesion specialisations of epit

A
  • tight junction -maintain apical and lateral regions
  • intermed junction-actin microfilaments
  • desmosomes
  • gap junction
  • hemidesmosomes
63
Q

Functions of ept basement membrane

A

1) anchors epithelium
2) polarity
3) protein distribution
4) scaffold for regenerating cells
5) cell migration
6) barrier

Microanatomy (1 decks)

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