Cells Flashcards
What kingdoms contain eukaryotic cells?
Animals, plants and fungi
What kingdom contains prokaryotic cells?
Bacteria
What is the difference between a eukaryotic cell and a prokaryotic cell?
They main difference is that eukaryotes has a nucleus.
What organelles are found in an animal cell?
Lysosomes Rough endoplasmic reticulum Centriole Chromatin (heterochromatin, dense, and euchromatin, less dense). Nucleus Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Golgi Apparatus Mitochondrion Cell surface membrane Nucleolus Nuclear pore Nuclear envelope Cytoplasm Free ribosomes
What organelles are found in plant cells that aren’t found in animal cells?
Middle lamella Cell wall (cellulose) Permanent vacuole Vacuolar membrane (tonoplast) Chloroplast Plasmodesmata
What organelles are found in a fungal cell that aren’t found in an animal cell?
Chitin cell wall
Vacuole
Slimy capsule.
What is the structure and function of the nucleus?
Largest organelle (10-30micrometers) enclosed within an envelope, contains chromatin, consisting of DNA wound round heads of histone proteins, perforated envelope (possesses pores), contains one or several nucleoli. DNA codes for the synthesis of polypeptides in the cytoplasm, pores in the envelope allow large molecules, e.g. enzymes, in and out. Nucleolus synthesises ribosomal RNA and manufactures ribosomes.
What is the structure and function of ribosomes?
Some bodies (20-25 micrometers) of proteins and RNA either free in the cytoplasm or attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum. Site of polypeptide synthesis, free ribosomes produce proteins that will work within the cytoplasm.
What is the structure and function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
Membrane system of flattened sacs, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and covered with ribosomes.
Polypeptides made on the ribosomes accumulate in the RER and are passed on, in vesicles, to the Golgi apparatus.
What is the structure and function of he smooth ER?
Separate membrane system of interconnecting tubules (lacking ribosomes).
Synthesis of lipids and their distribution throughout the cell. Detoxification of drugs and poisons.
What is the structure and function of the Golgi apparatus?
A stack of membrane bound sacs (cisternae). The forming face has vesicles from the RER joining it, mature face has vesicles pinching off.
Dynamic structure in which polypeptides are combined, quarternary structure, or modified, e.g. carbohydrate attached to form glycoproteins. Finished protein is packaged into vesicles either for secretion by exocytosis or for delivery elsewhere in the cell.
What is the structure and function of lysosomes?
Vesicles produced by the Golgi apparatus that contain hydrolytic enzymes.
Lysosomes combine with membrane bound degenerate organelles or ingested particles to form secondary lysosomes, hydrolytic enzymes digest the contents.
What is the structure and function of mitochondria?
Sausage shaped, surrounded by an envelope, the inner membrane of which is folded to form cristae, fluid-filled matrix; several to thousands per cell.
Synthesis of ATP by aerobic respiration.
What is the structure and function of chloroplasts?
Ovoid surrounded by an envelope, elaborate internal membrane system of lamellae with thylakoids stacked into grana, contain lipid droplets and starch grains. Found in plant cells.
Site of photosynthesis, chlorophyll molecules are attached to lamellae.
What is the structure and function of vesicles and vacuoles?
Bound by a single membrane, vesicles are much smaller. Vacuoles are permanent in plant and fungal cells. Membrane of the sap vacuole in plant cells is called the tonoplast.
Vesicles may be used of storage and transport of substances, e.g. transport to and from the cell surface membrane or cytoplasm, vacuoles are for storage of water and ions.
