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cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what 4 components does an animal cell have?

A

cell membrane
cytoplasm
mitochondria
nucleus

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2
Q

what 7 component does a plant cell have?

A 
cell membrane 
mitochondria
cytoplasm 
nucleus 
vacuole 
chloroplasts 
cell wall
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3
Q

whats the function of the cell membrane?

A

controls the passage of substances in and out of the cell

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4
Q

what is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

where chemical reactions take place e.g. protein synthesis

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5
Q

what is the function of the mitochondria?

A

release most of the energy from glucose in aerobic respiration

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6
Q

what is the function of the nucleus?

A

controls activities of cells by controlling what proteins it makes

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7
Q

what is the function of the cell wall?

A

strengthens cell prevents from bursting when turgid

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8
Q

what is the function of the vacuole?

A

contains cell sap

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9
Q

what is the function of the chloroplasts?

A

absorb light energy to make food by photosynthesis

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10
Q

what specialised features does a red blood cell have?

A

adapted to carry oxygen, no nucleus so more space for haemoglobin, large area of cell membrane, biconcave shape so travels faster

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11
Q

what specialised features does a nerve cell have ?

A

possesses long connecting fibre tossed electrical messages, lots of connections to other cells dendrites

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12
Q

what specialised features does a epithelial cell have?

A

flat protective surface, replaced rapidly by cell division, cilia in respiratory passage to clean mucus and dirt
guard against water loss

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13
Q

what specialised features does a egg cell have?

A

rich in cytoplasm, haloed nucleus with half number of chromosomes

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14
Q

what specialised features does a sperm cell have?

A

long mobile tails adapted for swimming, haploid half number of chromosomes, streamlines, lots of mitochondria

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15
Q

what specialised features does a root hair cell have?

A

long extension of cell membrane , large surface area, able to absorb water rapidly

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16
Q

what specialised features does a palisade (leaf) cell have?

A

large surface area for sunlight , rich in chloroplasts at top of cell

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17
Q

what specialised features does a xylem vessel have?

A

carry water and minerals cause no cytoplasm, think cell wall, has linen in stem and roots

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18
Q

name 11 organ systems?

A 
circulatory system
nervous 
digestive
skeletal 
muscular 
excretion 
reproductive 
immune 
endocrine
respiratory 
integumentary
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19
Q

what is a tissue?

A

the way in which cells with similar structure are organised together to work an according specific structure and function

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20
Q

what is an organ ?

A

tissues grouped and organised together to perform a specific function

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21
Q

what is an organ system?

A

a group of organs working together to perform a function for the body

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22
Q

how do you prepare a slide for a looking at a cell?

A

take a layer of an onion or a swab from your cheek and put onto a glass slide put drops of iodine on the slide and place cover slip on top view on low power under microscope

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23
Q

whats organelle?

A

a structure or part that is enclosed within it’s own membrane inside a cell (only eukaryotic cells) and has a specific function

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24
Q

whats an ultra structure?

A

a detailed structure of a biological specimen such as a cell, tissue or organ that can only be observed by an electron microscope

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25
Q

what are ribosomes?

A

a cell structure that makes protein needed for many cell functions such as preparing damage and can b found floating with cytoplasm or attached endoplasmic reticulum.

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26
Q

whats an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) ?

A

type of organelle found in the cells a network of membranes found throughout the cell and connected to the nucleus. its job is to transport proteins. the ER functions as a manufacturing and packaging system. in cells that synthesis and release a lot of proteins would need a large amount of ER but cells such as prokaryotes and red blood doesn’t have a ER

27
Q

why are bacteria important and not ?

A

because they can cause disease and spoil food but are used in production of many traditional foods such as yogurt, cheese and vinegar

28
Q

why are viruses important and not?

A

can infect a host cell and cause acute diseases or alter genetic diseases to cause chronic disease such as cancer

29
Q

whats the equation for magnification?

A

length of object in drawing or photograph divided by actual length of object

30
Q

whats a micro-metre?

A

a 1000th of a mm so you divide by 1000 to find a micro metre

31
Q

how do you calculate actual size?

A

size in picture or drawing divided by magnification

32
Q

where does aerobic respiration happen?

A

in the mitochondria the more energy a cell needs the more mitochondria it will have

33
Q

what is diffusion ?

A

the net movement of monocles/ ion from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration down a concentration gradient as a result of their random movement
the result is that the monocles are spread out evenly within a given volume

34
Q

how do you work out the surface area of a block?

A

the measurement of one of the sides squared then times by 6 e.g. the side of the block is 2mm
2x2x6

35
Q

how do you work out volume?

A

one of the sides of the block cubed e.g. 5x5x5

36
Q

how do you work out surface are to volume ratio?

A

surface are divided by volume

37
Q

what factors effect the rate of diffusion?

A

difference in concentration, surface area, diffusion distance, temperature, size and nature of diffusion molecule

38
Q

what is osmosis ?

A

net movement of water monocles from a region of higher water potential (dilute solution) to a region of lower water potential (concentrated solution) throughout a panically permeable membrane

39
Q

what is the symbol for water potential?

A

Ψ

40
Q

what is water potential a measure of?

A

the tendency of water

pure water has the highest water potential of 0

41
Q

what does plasmolysed mean?

A

a plant cell that has lost water causing the cell membrane and cytoplasm to be pulled away from the inside of the cell wall

42
Q

describe how osmosis makes a plasmolyse cell become even in concentration?

A

outside the cell is a low water potential (concentrated) and inside is a high water water potential (dilute) so therefore water goes out of the cell until the cell in concentrated solution becomes flaccid and water keeps going diffusing out until it becomes an even water potential diffusing in and out

43
Q

what happens when a plant is watered ?

A

there is a high water potential outside the cell ( dilute) and a low water potential inside the cell so water starts to diffuse in and makes the cell turgid
turgid cells give the plant support keeping stem upright
if plant loses water begins to wilt as cells become flaccid

44
Q

describe osmosis in red blood cells when placed in distilled water

A

distilled water had a high water potential and cells have low water potential so water diffuses in an cells swell and burst

45
Q

describe osmosis in red blood cells when placed in concentrated salt solution

A

salt solution has a low water potential and cells have a high water potential and water diffuses out and cells shrivel and shrink

46
Q

what is active transport?

A

the movement of ions/ molecules in or out of a cell throughout the membrane from a region of a lower concentration to a region of a higher concentration against a concentration gradient using energy released during respiration

47
Q

how does active transport work?

A

molecules are moved using transport proteins , the proteins rotates (which uses energy ) moving the molecule from outside the cell into the cell, the protein then rotates back to it’s origin; position

48
Q

whats a example of active transport?

A

small intestine absorbs sugar through a highly folded inner lining to absorb glucose by active transport

49
Q

where does osmosis happen through in a root hair cell?

A

the cell membrane as it is partially permeable so it lets different substances in and out and the cell wall is not partially permeable its to keep the the cell from bursting when its turgid

50
Q

what happens if you put a plant cell in a sugar solution?

A

the sugar solution has a low water potential and the plant has a high water potential so water will diffuse out and the cell will become flacid and lose mass

51
Q

what happens if you put a plant cell in water?

A

the water has a high water potential and the cell has a low water potential so water diffuses in and becomes turgid

52
Q

what do all cells except prokaryotes have?

A

they have and endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria in eukaryote cells

53
Q

how does oxygen movie into red blood cells?

A

oxygen diffuse into and out of the red blood cell through the cell membrane

54
Q

how do gases get into cells?

A

through diffusion

55
Q

how do liquids get into cell?

A

through osmosis

56
Q

how do solids get into cells?

A

usually through active transport to transport proteins

57
Q

why do cells need protein ?

A

because they repair, manufacture and maintain the cell and its shape and inner organisation

58
Q

how is a solute molecule transported from outside the cell to inside the cell?

A

by active transport the solute molecule (glucose) the solute is recognised and grabbed by the transport protein, the transport protein rotates in membrane and releases solute inside the cell using energy the transport protein rotates back again to receive the next solute

59
Q

how is diffusion able to happen?

A

because of the kinetic energy molecules and ions have to randomly move about

60
Q

what are examples of organs?

A

liver, stomach and large intestines

61
Q

what are examples of tissues?

A

muscle tissue, epithelial tissue , nervous tissue

62
Q

what are two examples of diffusion?

A

ammonium hydroxide diffusing in a test tube with red litmus paper to monitor diffusion in gases and putting a block of stained agar in hydrochloric acid and timming it to see how long it takes for the colour to leave it as it would have diffused out in a liquid

63
Q

what organelles are inside cytoplasm?

A

endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes and mitochondria

ER to transport the proteins (ribosomes) and mitochondria to provide energy

64
Q

what is the body made up of in order from smallest to largest?

A

cells make up tissue which make up organs which make up organ systems

biology (7 decks)

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