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Biology 1090 > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What does TGN stand for?

A

The TGN is the trans Golgi network. (trans meaning far away)

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2
Q

What are the two types of microtubules?

A

An axonemal and cytoplasmic microtubules. Axonemal is part of structures involved in cell movement.

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3
Q

Where are cytoplasmic microtubules located?

A

In cytosol

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4
Q

What are the two motor MAP’s that move along the microtubules?

A

Kinesin and Dynein

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5
Q

What does IF stand for?

A

Intermediate Filaments

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6
Q

What are the main functions of intermediate filaments?

A

They provide structural and mechanical support

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7
Q

What does MF stand for?

A

Microfilaments or F-actin

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8
Q

What is myosin?

A

A motor protein that interacts with F-actin to help with vesicle transport

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9
Q

What is the function of taxol?

A

It is a protein that prevents the disassembly of MT’s

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10
Q

List three contents of the nucleus:

A

Chromatin, nucleoplasm and nucleolus

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11
Q

What is chromatin made out of?

A

DNA and histones

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12
Q

What does ONM stand for?

A

The Outer Nuclear Membrane

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13
Q

What does INM stand for?

A

Inner Nuclear Membrane

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14
Q

T or F: The ONM connects to the nuclear lamina

A

False. The Inner Nuclear Membrane does

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15
Q

What is the nuclear lamina?

A

A thin mesh of proteins bound to the INM.

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16
Q

What does NPC stand for?

A

The Nuclear Pore Complex.

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17
Q

What are nuclear pores?

A

Gateways between cytoplasm and nucleoplasm where the inner and outer mem. fuse

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18
Q

What are FG-repeat domains?

A

They are amino acids that create a hydrophobic curtain across the NP’s.

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19
Q

What does NLS stand for?

A

Nuclear Localization Signal

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20
Q

What is the nuclear localization signal?

A

Positively charged amino acids within a protein sequence. It regulates protein movement in nucleus.

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21
Q

What do importin proteins do?

A

They import proteins.

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22
Q

What is catastrophe of the MT?

A

This is the shrinking, or breakdown of MT at the plus end.

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23
Q

Where does ribosome biogenesis occur?

A

Inside the nucleolus

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24
Q

What is a virion and where does it exist?

A

A virion is an inanimate virus that is outside of a cell

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25
Q

What are the two types of viral infections?

A

Lytic and integrative

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26
Q

Describe the difference between a lytic and integrative virus

A

Lytic produces virus particles until the cell dies. Integrative inserts virus DNA to host and impairs function.

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27
Q

Name the three types of proteins associated with cell membranes.

A

Integral, peripheral and lipid-anchored

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28
Q

Where are integral proteins located?

A

They span across the lipid bilayer, parallel to the lipids.

29
Q

Where are peripheral proteins located?

A

They are associated with the surface of the lipid bilayer

30
Q

T or F: biological membranes are symmetrical.

A

False. The two leaflets have very distinct lipid compositions.

31
Q

T or F: saturated lipids reduce fluidity in the membrane.

A

True.

32
Q

Which two factors influence membrane fluidity the most?

A

The nature of lipids(saturated or not) and the temperature.

33
Q

How is cholesterol related to the membrane?

A

It alters the packing and flexibility of lipids, regulating fluidity.

34
Q

Name the four basic mechanisms for moving molecules across membranes.

A

Simple diffusion, diffusion through a channel, facilitated diffusion and active transport.

35
Q

Which of the three membrane proteins make up ion channels?

A

The integral proteins

36
Q

What is a ligand-gated channel?

A

A membrane channel which responds to the binding of a specific molecule, such as acetylcholine.

37
Q

What is a glycocalyx?

A

An assembly of carbohydrate groups on the outside of the plasma mem.

38
Q

What are proteoglycans?

A

Proteins with chains of polysaccharides

39
Q

Name some of the components of a plant cell wall.

A

Cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin and other proteins.

40
Q

What is clathrin?

A

A protein used to form coated vesicles.

41
Q

What is the main function of peroxisomes?

A

They are involved in the oxidation of toxic molecules.

42
Q

Explain the endosymbiont theory.

A

Eukaryotic cells tarce back to an anaerobic prokaryote engulfing an aerobic bacterium.

43
Q

Where can porins be located?

A

They are the large channels in the outer mitochondrial membrane.

44
Q

What is the function of cristae and where can they be found?

A

They increase the surface area of the inner mitochondrial membrane for aerobic respiration and ATP formation.

45
Q

Which are the two aqueous compartments of the mitochondria?

A

The intermembrane space and the matrix.

46
Q

Where is mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) located?

A

In the mitochondrial matrix.

47
Q

Name a function of the mitochondrial matrix.

A

Encodes polypeptides that are later integrated into the IMM, ribosomes and tRNA.

48
Q

Name some of the compartments of the endomembrane system.

A

The ER, Golgi complex, lysosomes, endosomes, vesicles and plant vacuoles.

49
Q

What is a signal sequence?

A

A hydrophobic amino acid chain on proteins that direct synthesis to the ER

50
Q

What is it called when a protein moves through a channel into the ER?

A

Co-translational import. (This WILL be on the test!)

51
Q

What is an SRP receptor?

A

It reads the signal recognition particle on the ribosome and stops translation until the translocon opens.

52
Q

What happens to a protein once it is synthesized in the ER?

A
  1. It is retained in the ER or 2. It goes to the Golgi complex for modification and delivery.
53
Q

What is the ER-Golgi Intermediate Compartment?

A

The region between the ER and Golgi complex where vesicles fuse.

54
Q

What are the four parts of vesicular transport?

A

Movement, tethering, docking and fusion

55
Q

What process does a SNARE protein assist in?

A

The docking in vesicular transport

56
Q

What happens to proteins that leave the CGN?

A

They will either go to the next Golgi station or be shipped back to the ER.

57
Q

Which part of the cell is considered the ‘processing plant?’

A

The Golgi complex

58
Q

T of F: Vesicular transport occurs in coated vesicles.

A

True.

59
Q

Name the two function of the vesicle coat.

A

Helps to form the vesicle and selects the cargo for the vesicle.

60
Q

Explain the difference between COPI and COPII.

A

COPI vesicles move from the Golgi complex to the ER, while COPII moves from the ER to Golgi complex.

61
Q

Explain the major steps of apoptosis.

A

Stimuli -> Bax protein -> Cytochrome C -> Procaspase9 -> Caspase9 -> Execution Procaspase -> Execution Caspase

62
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Acidic digestive organelles.

63
Q

What is the process of autophagy?

A

When lysosomes destroy organelles and replace them.

64
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

A network of tubules and filaments in the cytosol of eukaryotes.

65
Q

Name a function of the cytoskeleton.

A

Structural support, spatial organization, intracellular transport and motility.

66
Q

T or F: The motor protein Kinesin moves towards the plus end of the MT.

A

True

67
Q

What is an autolysosome made out of?

A

A lysosome and an ER-derived autophagic vacuole fused together.

68
Q

What are protofilaments?

A

They make up the walls of microtubules and are comprised of globular proteins.

69
Q

What does MAP stand for?

A

Microtubule-associated proteins.

Biology 1090 (2 decks)

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