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Biology Units 1 And 2 > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What do cells need to survive?

A

Cells require energy inputs, including light energy or chemical energy in complex molecules, and matter, including gases, simple nutrients and ions, and removal of water to survive

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2
Q

What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have many features in common, which is a reflection of their common evolutionary past, but prokaryotes lack internal membrane bound organelles, do not have a nucleus are significantly smaller than eukaryotes, usually have a single circular chromosome, and exist as single cells

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3
Q

What is metabolism

A

Metabolism describes the sum total of the physical and chemical processes by which cell components transform matter and energy needed to sustain life.

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4
Q

Define cell membrane

A

Semi porous plasma membrane around the outside of cells made of a bilateral comprising of phospholipids.

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5
Q

Function of the cell membrane

A

Establishes cell boundaries, ensures contents are held inside cells, allows movement if some substances in and out of the cell, but not others (semi permeable)

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6
Q

Define nucleus.

A

An organelle within a eukaryotic cell that is enclosed with a double membrane and contains pores in the nucleus.

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7
Q

What is the function of the nucleus

A

Allow substances in and out, contains chromosomes which carry DNA, and is the site if DNA transcription within the cell

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8
Q

What is the cytoplasm

A

All contents of the cell, other than the nucleus.

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9
Q

Function of cytoplasm

A

Synthesises proteins and fats; also first stages of ATP release

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10
Q

What is cytosol

A

Semi fluid substance in the cytoplasm

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11
Q

What is the mitochondria

A

Has an inner and outer membrane, and many layers of folded membrane inside (Cristae)

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12
Q

Function of the mitochondria

A

It is where most of the process of cellular respiration occurs.

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13
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

Where photosynthesis occurs

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14
Q

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Isolates and transports proteins synthesised by ribosomes

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15
Q

Function of ribosomes

A

Make protein from amino acids

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16
Q

Function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Formation and transport of lipids and steroid hormones. Also protects cell from harmful compounds eg drugs

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17
Q

Function of Golgi apparatus

A

Where lipids and proteins are modified and sorted. Like a processing station for the cell. Secretory vesicles break off the Golgi apparatus and expel materials made by the cell.

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18
Q

Function of lysosomes

A

Contain digestive enzymes that split complex chemical compounds into simple ones, including getting rid of organelles thT no longer function properly. Can also chase cell death

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19
Q

What is the function of vacuoles

A

Storage and digestion in animals. In plants, main role to maintain turf or pressure

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20
Q

Function of centrioles

A

Help cell division and formation of spiracle fibres

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21
Q

Function of cell wall

A

Give plants turgidity and strength

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22
Q

Draw the model of the cell membrane (fluid mosaic model)

A

Refer to book for diagram

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23
Q

How does movement of materials across membranes occur?

A

Passive process: diffusion, facilitated diffusion and osmosis
Active process: include active transport, endocytosis and exocytosis

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24
Q

What are the factors affecting exchange materials across the membrane?

A

Surface area to volume ratio, concentration gradient, physical and chemical nature of the materials being exchanged

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25
Q

What happens to biological molecules when they are synthesised from monomers?

A

Complex structures including carbohydrates, proteins and lipids are produced

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26
Q

What factors control biochemical processes in the cell?

A

Nature and arrangement of internal membranes and the pressure of specific enzymes

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27
Q

Draw a prokaryote cell

A

Refer to book

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28
Q

Convert mm in to micrometers

A

1mm equals 1000micro metres

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29
Q

Draw and label an animal cell

A

Refer to book

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30
Q

Draw and label a plant cell

A

Refer to book

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31
Q

Refer to book for magnification formulas

A

:)

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32
Q

What are organic molecules?

A

Often large molecules made up of smaller subunits, bonded together in various ways

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33
Q

List organic molecules

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid

34
Q

What is a polymer

A

Compounds made of subunits

35
Q

What are carbohydrates

A

Molecules containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

36
Q

Carbohydrates as a monosaccharide, dosaccharide and a polysaccharide

A

Mono- sugar/glucose
Di- sucrose
Poly- cellulose

37
Q

Roles of carbohydrates

A

Source of energy for cells, structuctural support in plant, outer coating of insects and spiders

38
Q

What are proteins

A

Large molecules made of subunits called amino acids that contain, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and comets es Sulfur and phosphorous

39
Q

How do amino acids from to make proteins?

A

They are bonded together by peptide bonds to make protein

40
Q

What are lipids

A

Molecules of fats, oil and water containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen

41
Q

What is nucleic acid?

A

DNA and RNA

42
Q

Function of DNA

A

Codes for production of proteins

43
Q

Function of RNA

A

Transfer DNA codes to ribosomes for production of proteins

44
Q

Why is the cell membrane referred to as a fluid mosaic model

A

Fluid because molecules,es that make it home are onctantky changing and mosaic because it is composed of many different types of molecules

45
Q

What are phospholipid molecules

A

Lipid molecules containing a phosphate group

46
Q

What is a phospholipid by layer

A

Two layers of phospholipids

47
Q

Where does aerobic respiration occur?

A

Mitochondria

48
Q

Where does anaerobic respiration occur?

A

Cytoplasm

49
Q

Products produced in plants in aerobic respiration?

A

CO2 and H2O

50
Q

What products produced in plants in anaerobic respiration

A

Alcohol and CO2

51
Q

What is products produced in animals in aerobic respiration

A

CO2 and H2O

52
Q

Products produced in animals in anaerobic respiration?

A

Lactic acid

53
Q

Amount of ATP produced in aerobic respiration?

A

36-38 ATP

54
Q

Amount of ATP produced in anaerobic respiration

A

2 ATP

55
Q

Two organic substances that can be broken down in cellular respiration?

A

Glucose and amino acids

56
Q

Two organisms in which fermentation occurs

A

Bacteria and plants

57
Q

What is the word and chemical equation for photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide plus water in the presence of light and chlorophyll equals glucose and oxygen

58
Q

Where does light dependent state occur in photosynthesis?

A

Thylakoids membranes

59
Q

Where does light independent stage occur in photosynthesis?

A

Stroma

60
Q

What are the reactants in the light dependent stage?

A

H2O

61
Q

What are the reactants in the light independent stage?

A

CO2, H and ATP

62
Q

What are the products in the light dependent stage

A

H+, O2 and ATP

63
Q

What are the products in the light independent stage?

A

Glucose

64
Q

What is pinocytocis?

A

Cell drinking, when minerals and vesicles are small

65
Q

What is phagocytosis

A

Cell eating, when materials are large.

66
Q

What is the similarity between pinocytocis and phagocytosis?

A

Both take substances into the cell

67
Q

What is endocytocis?

A

Transport of materials into the cell. Materials are enclosed by a fold of cell membrane, which pinches shut to form a closed vesicles

68
Q

What are the two types of endocytocis?

A

Phagocytosis and pinocytocis

69
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Transport of materials out of a cell where materials Are enclosed in a membrane.

70
Q

What facilitates active transport

A

Requires ATP and substances are pumped across the membrane

71
Q

What happens to to plant leaf during the night?

A

Starch to sucrose for export to cells in leaves

72
Q

What happens to leaf during the day?

A

Glucose converts to sucrose and starch

73
Q

What is fascilitated diffusion?

A

A form of passive transport, where transport proteins needed to move molecules across because they are water soluble

74
Q

What are autotrophs

A

Organisms that make their own food, eg plants

75
Q

What are phototropism

A

Green plants and algae are able to use light energy to synthesise their own organic materials

76
Q

What are chemotrophs

A

Are able to harness the energy release in exergonic chemical reactions to synthesise their organic food

77
Q

Label and draw cross section of a leaf

A

Refer to book

78
Q

Label and draw a palisade cell

A

Refer to book

79
Q

Label and draw chloroplast

A

Refer to book.

80
Q

What does ATP consist of

A

Adenine, ribose and 3 phosphate groups

81
Q

Cellular respiration definition

A

Chemical process by which organic molecules, taken in as food are broken down in the cell p, to release energy

Biology Units 1 And 2 (4 decks)

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