Cells Flashcards
Macromolecule
are large molecules that are formed by joining smaller organic molecules together
Polymer
are molecules made from repeating units of identical or nearly identical compounds called monomers that are linked together by a series of covalent bonds
Carbohydrates
Compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom are called carbohydrates
Lipid
Lipids are molecules made mostly of carbon and hydrogen that make up the fats, oils, and waxes
Protein
A protein is a compound made of small carbon compounds called amino acids.
Amino acid
Amino acids have a central carbon atom. Building blocks of a protein.
Nucleic acid
Nucleic acids are complex macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information.
Nucleotide
Nucleic acids are made of smaller repeating subunits composed of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and hydrogen atoms, called nucleotides
Organic compound
An organic compound is any member of a large class of gaseous, liquid, or solid chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon.
How many electrons does a carbon atoms does a carbon atoms have on its outer shell (valence electrons)
4
What is the importance of the number of valence electrons on a carbon Atom (the number of electrons on the outer shell)
Since you can have 8 electrons on the outer layer the 4 easily bond with the other 4 completing the 8.
Describe the function, monomer(subunit), and give an example of the macromolecule CARBON
Function- gives energy and carbon
Monomer(subunit)- monosaccharides
Example- bread
Describe the function, monomer(subunit), and give an example of the macromolecule LIPID
Function- stores energy
Monomer(subunit)-fatty acid
Example-butter or oil
Describe the function, monomer(subunit), and give an example of the macromolecule PROTEIN
Function- structure
monomer(subunit)-amino acid
Example- meat
Describe the function, monomer(subunit), and give an example of the macromolecule Nucleic Acid
Function- store hereditary(genetic) information
Monomer(subunit)-nucleotide
Example-DNA
What is the difference between Saturated and Unsaturated fats
Saturated have single bonds(with hydrogen) between carbon atoms and unsaturated has a double bond with the carbon atoms. Saturated-found in animal products. Unsaturated-found in plant products.
Cell
A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
Cell Theory
The cell theory is one of the fundamental ideas of modern biology and includes the following three principles:
- All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
- Cells are the basic unit of structure and organization of all living organisms.
- Cells arise only from previously existing cells, with cells passing copies of their genetic material on to their daughter cells.
Plasma membrane
is a special boundary that helps control what enters and leaves the cell
Organelle
many distinct internal structures called organelles—specialized structures that carry out specific cell functions.
Eukaryotic cell
Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by membranes, also referred to as membrane-bound organelles.
Nucleus
The nucleus is a distinct central organelle that contains the cell’s genetic material in the form of DNA.
Prokaryotic Cell
Prokaryotic cells are defined as cells without a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.
What are the three principles of cell theory?
1) All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
2) Cells are the basic unit of structure and organization of all living organisms.
3) Cells arise only from previously existing cells, with cells passing copies of their genetic material on to their daughter cells.
What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus and eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
PA-simple rapid reproduction
PD-less complex
EA-more complex
ED-not simple slower reproduction
What did Robert Hooke do?
- made a simple microscope
- observed box-like figures he called cellulae when looked at a cork and dead bark.
What did Anton Van Leeuwenhoek do?
- he was inspired by Hooke and created a microscope
- he saw living things in pond water and milk.
What did Matthias Schleiden do?
- Studied plant tissue
- found they were made of cells
What did Theodor Schwann do?
- studied animal tissue
- found that it was made of cells.
What did Rudolph Virchow do?
-found that all cells are produced from a division of existing cells
Identify structure and function of different parts of a microscope.
See Notability
How do you calculate the magnification in microscopes?
You multiply the eyepiece magnification to the objective lens to the objective lens Magnification.
Selective permeability
by which a membrane allows some substances to pass through while keeping others out
Phospholipid bilayer
The plasma membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer, in which two layers of phospholipids are arranged tail-to-tail,
Transport protein
These transport proteins move needed substances or waste materials through the plasma membrane and therefore contribute to the selective permeability of the plasma membrane
Fluid mosaic model
Together, the phospholipids in the bilayer create a “sea” in which other molecules can float, like apples floating in a barrel of water. This “sea” concept is the basis for the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane.
Homeostasis
the tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements, especially as maintained by physiological
What are Transport Proteins?
Proteins that go through the entire cell membrane and help move substances in and out of the cell.
What is the Carbohydrate Chain?
Carbohydrates that sick on to other things in the plasma membrane and recognize diseases or other harmful substances.
What are polar heads?
The circular bulb on the plasma membrane that is on the outer layer both inside and outside the cell. The polar heads like water.
What are membrane proteins?
Proteins in the membrane. The outer proteins identify substances out side the cell sending info back in the cell.
What is cholesterol?
Cholesterol in tiny bulbs that help make it not sticky in the non polar tails so that water can flow through.
What is the phospholipid bilayer?
The polar tails and the nonpolar tails in the cell membrane.
What are nonpolar tails?
The inside of the Phospholipid bilayer that doesn’t like water.
What is the dominant macromolecule found in the plasma membrane?
Lipids
What is the difference between hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions of the plasma membrane?
The hydrophilic is the polar heads that like water while the hydrophobic is the nonpolar tails that do not like water.
What is the function of the Cell Wall?
Support and protection for the cell.
What is the function of chloroplast?
Captures light and energy for production for food (photosynthesis)
What is the function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum
Intracellular transport of proteins and Carbohydrate and lipid production.
What is the function for the Golgi apparatus?
Assemble simple molecules into complex ones and Transport and movement from nucleus to cytoplasm or out of the cell.
What is the function of lysosomes?
Breaks down perfect molecules and worn out parts
What is the function of the Mitochondria?
Powerhouse of the cell and Center of cellular respiration.
What is the function for the ribosomes?
Protein synthesis
What is the function of the vacuole?
Storage tank for food, water, nutrients, waste, and enzymes.
What is the function of Cytoplasm?
Contains organelles and Involved in chemical reactions.
Compare plant and animal cells.
Plant cells have everything animal cells have plus a cell wall and chloroplast.
What is the structure and function of cola and flagella?
Their function is to protect to the cell. The cilia are short and numerous (like hair) while flagella are longer and less numerous.
Diffusion.
which is the net movement of particles from an area where there are many particles of the substance to an area where there are fewer particles of the substance.
Dynamic equilibrium
This condition, in which there is continuous movement but no overall change
Facilitated diffusion
uses transport proteins to move other ions and small molecules across the plasma membrane
Osmosis
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
Isotonic solution
When there is the same concentration of ions in two substances
Hypotonic solution
A solution with a lower concentration of solute.
Hypertonic solution
A higher concentration of solute.
Active transport
movement of substances across the plasma membrane against a concentration gradient requires energy
Endocytosis
the process by which a cell surrounds a substance in the outside environment, enclosing the substance in a portion of the plasma membrane.
Exocytosis
the secretion of materials at the plasma membrane.
Concentration
How much solute there is in a given amount of base.
What does hypotonic/hypotonic/isotonic solutions do?
- if a leaf is in a hypotonic solution it will grow cause water will go in the leaf
- if a leaf is in a hypertonic solution it will shrivel up cause water will leave the leaf to go in the solution
- if a leaf is in a isotonic solution if will stay the same cause the concentration is balanced.
What are the 3 main factors that affect the rate of diffusion?
Concentration - high C= fast Diff. Low C=slow diff.
Temperature - high Temp.= fast diff. Low Temp.= fast diff.
Pressure- high P= fast diff. Low P= slow diff.
Identify Examples of facilitated diffusion.
Anything that enters a cell using the help of a transport protein or a channel.
Compare Endocytosis with Exocytosis
Endocytosis = bring into cell Exocytosis = bring out of cell
