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Core Biology > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Science is

A

knowledge based on experimentation

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2
Q

Can science answer all the questions?

A

No.

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3
Q

Scientific method

A

1) Observation and facts
2) Hypotheses and predictions
3) Testing
4) Evaluation and interpretation of results
5) Conclusions

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4
Q

What did Semmelweis notice about childbed fever?

A

He noticed that in division 1, which was next to the autopsies library, that when he asked workers to wash their hands with chlorine, the incidents of childbed fever declined.

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5
Q

Other theories about childbed fever that were disproved by Semmelweis

A

Male doctors - rougher
Miasma - bad smell
Birthing position - laying on their back

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6
Q

Unit of life is

A

the cell

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7
Q

inside the cell, life does what?

A

performs all the chemical reactions necessary to avoid decay into equilibrium

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8
Q

Where do cells get the material to make their parts?

A

From the environment.

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9
Q

How old is the Earth?

A

4.5 billion years old

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10
Q

How many eons are there, and what are they?

A

Four eons:

1) Hadean
2) Archaean
3) Proterozoic
4) Phanerozoic

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11
Q

Hadean

A

No life

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12
Q

Archean

A

3.8 billion years ago - from fossils and the presence of oxygen, we know there were prokaryotic cells - single celled organisms like Archaeans and Bacteria

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13
Q

Proterozoic

A

emergence of Eukaryotic cells - still single celled

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14
Q

Phanerozoic

A

Cambrian explosion - macro-fossils - multi-celled organisms

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15
Q

All cells have what in common?

A

1) cell membrane
2) DNA chromosomes
3) ribosomes for protein synthesis
4) Cytoplasm in the cell
5) Energy transformation pathways
6) 500 genes shared between all domains of life

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16
Q

Cell membrane functions

A

1) Controls movement of ions and molecules, maintaining chemical environment inside the cell.
2) encloses the cytoplasm
3) organize enzymes
4) Detect and allow responses to signals from the environment
5) Promotes recognition and adhesion between cells and the extracellular matrix.

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17
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Watery environment where cellular structures are organized and all chemical reactions take place

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18
Q

Energy transformation pathways

A

Metabolic pathways that allow cells to utilize energy from the environment to fuel metabolism

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19
Q

Differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

1) Prokaryotes have no nucleus
2) Prokaryotes have no endomembrane system (ER, Golgi, lysosomes)
3) Prokaryotes have no mitochondria or chloroplasts
4) Prokaryotes have a peptidoglycan wall.
5) Eukaryotes have a cytoskeleton

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20
Q

Eukaryotes’ size in comparison to prokaryotes

A

Eukaryotes are on average 10 times larger than prokaryotes.

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21
Q

Purpose of enzymes

A

Act as catalysts - speed up reactions

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22
Q

Characteristic of cell membranes that is essential to life

A

they are semi-permeable.

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23
Q

Membranes are made of:

A

Phospholipid bilayer

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24
Q

Phospholipid structure

A

They are amphipathic. They have a head that is hydrophilic and tails that are hydrophobic.

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25
Q

Permeability of phospholipid bilayer

A

Small, non-polar molecules (oxygen) pass through rapidly
Small, polar molecules (H2O) pass through slowly
Large, non-polar/polar molecules (glucose, ions) cannot pass through

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26
Q

how do large molecules get into the cell?

A

Through transport (integral) proteins.

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27
Q

What substance is essential for the permeability of the membrane?

A

Cholesterol

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28
Q

Passive transport

A

Follows concentration gradient and does not require energy

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29
Q

Active transport

A

Does not follow concentration gradient - therefore requires energy

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30
Q

Head of phospholipid has what substance?

A

phosphate - negatively charged - thus soluble in water

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31
Q

Functions of transmembrane proteins

A

1) Transport
2) Signal transduction
3) Enzymatic activity
4) Intracellular joining
5) Cell Cell recognition

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32
Q

Signal Transduction

A

Cell communication

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33
Q

Proteins that do signal transduction are called

A

receptors

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34
Q

Prokaryote alternative to nucleus

A

nucleoid region

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35
Q

Black dots in image of prokaryote

A

Ribosomes

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36
Q

Towards center of prokaryote, there is:

A

DNA

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37
Q

Structure of eukaryotic nucleus

A

Membrane bound - also has nucleolus

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38
Q

RNA located where in eukaryotic cell?

A

Inside nucleolus

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39
Q

how do things enter and exit the nucleus?

A

Through pores

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40
Q

Function of nucleus

A

House DNA, site of transcription

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41
Q

Function of nucleolus

A

make ribosomes and store RNA

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42
Q

Bacterial cytoplasm composition

A

70% water, 30% proteins, nucleic acids, etc.

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43
Q

Nuclear lamina

A

network of protein fibers that give the nucleus its shape (else it will collapse)

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44
Q

Mitochondria

A

Site of ATP synthesis

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45
Q

How many membranes does the mitochondria have?

A

2 - an inner and outer membrane.

46
Q

Plant cell wall made of

A

cellulose.

47
Q

Cellulose

A

polymer of glucose

48
Q

Two types of Bacterial Cell wall

A

1) Peptidoglycan - in both Gram + and Gram - bacteria

2) Lipopolysaccharide - outer wall found in gram - bacteria

49
Q

Cell wall does what for bacteria

A

Protects it and helps it attach to substrates.

50
Q

How does penicillin kill bacteria?

A

By suppressing the bacterial enzyme necessary for cell wall synthesis - causes bacteria to explode

51
Q

How does our immune system recognize bacteria?

A

through molecules that recognize peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide.

52
Q

Do animal cells have a cell wall?

A

No, they have a plasma membrane.

53
Q

Cytoskeleton functions:

A

Helps cells move and determines its structure

54
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

highly organized protein fibers

55
Q

Do all cells have a cytoskeleton?

A

yes, both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have a cytoskeleton, but it is less developed in prokaryotes

56
Q

Parallel cytoskeletal fibers act like what?

A

rails

57
Q

Components of cytoskeletal fibers

A

1) Actin cortex
2) microtubules
3) intermediate filaments

58
Q

Actin cortex made up of…

A

polymers of actin proteins.

59
Q

Microtubules made up of…

A

polymerization of alpha and beta tubulin proteins (can make it longer and shorter by adding monomers)

60
Q

Intermediate filaments made up of…

A

up to 70 proteins.

61
Q

microtubule size relative to actin filaments

A

much larger

62
Q

Microtubule location inside the cell

A

Extend throughout the cell.

63
Q

What synthesizes proteins?

A

Ribosomes

64
Q

Ribosome composition

A

Made up of both proteins and RNA. Has a large and small subunit.

65
Q

Are the ribosomes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes the same?

A

no.

66
Q

Used to color specific structures in cells, by attaching it to a protein or molecule that binds to a specific region

A

Fluorophore

67
Q

Endomembrane system function

A

Involved in the synthesis and delivery of molecules

68
Q

Parts of endomembrane system

A

1) Endoplasmic reticulum (Smooth and rough)
2) Golgi Apparatus
3) Lysosomes
4) exocytic vesicles
5) endosomes

69
Q

Smooth ER

A

Lacks ribosomes, involved in synthesis of lipids

70
Q

Rough ER

A

Has ribosomes attached, looks like interconnected flattened sacs. Makes proteins that are inserted in the plasma membrane, or are shipped elsewhere. Makes more membrane.

71
Q

Pathways of proteins made in ER

A

transmembrane (inserted in membrane) or secreted

72
Q

All elements of endomembrane system have what?

A

Phospholipid bilayer

73
Q

Function of golgi apparatus

A

prepares proteins and molecules for transport to membrane or to be secreted through vesicles

74
Q

for transmembrane transport, what does the golgi attach to the protein?

A

Sugar

75
Q

How do the transport and secretory vesicles know where to go?

A

Guided by cytoskeleton. (they walk on it)

76
Q

Ribosomes attached to rough ER do what?

A

Synthesize proteins, inserting them into the lumen of the ER.

77
Q

What does the ER do with synthesized proteins?

A

ER transports the proteins to Golgi using transport vesicles.

78
Q

As transport vesicle and golgi apparatus touch, what happens?

A

They fuse. Protein added to golgi.

79
Q

What do free floating ribosomes (not attached to any organelle) do?

A

They make proteins only used within the cell (no transport needed).

80
Q

Endocytosis

A

For large things - Cell eats something, forming an endosome.

81
Q

how do cells digest what it eats through endocytosis?

A

cells digest using lysosomes, which contain acids. The lysosomes fuse with the endosome.

82
Q

phagocytosis

A

White blood cells (phagocytes) eating bacteria

83
Q

Exocytosis

A

Vesicle leaving the cell. Like when secretory vesicles from Golgi allow proteins to be secreted from the cell

84
Q

Lysosomes’ functions

A

Digest food, destroy invaders, dispose of ailing mitochondria or chloroplasts

85
Q

in which cells are mitochondria present?

A

All eukaryotic cells, including plant cells.

86
Q

How many mitochondria are in a cell?

A

Varies. Can have thousands.

87
Q

mitochondria responsible for what type of respiration?

A

Aerobic respiration.

88
Q

inner membrane of mitochondria texture:

A

has folds or invaginations

89
Q

outer membrane of mitochondria texture:

A

smooth

90
Q

Which enzyme adds phosphate to ADP?

A

ATPase

91
Q

How many membranes do chloroplasts have?

A

2

92
Q

how do chloroplasts get energy?

A

through photosynthesis

93
Q

Both mitochondria and chloroplasts have what? What does it do?

A

have double membrane. Inter-membrane space essential for creation of proton gradient - ATPase is door. Energy from proton gradient used for ATP synthesis during aerobic respiration and photosynthesis.

94
Q

Where do prokaryotes create a proton gradient, since they do not have chloroplasts and mitochondria?

A

In between cell wall and plasma membrane

95
Q

Before oxygen, we had to have what?

A

photosynthesis in prokaryotes

96
Q

Which bacteria can perform photosynthesis?

A

cyanobacteria

97
Q

After the development of photosynthesis, what happened?

A

Oxygen revolution - O2 rises dramatically

98
Q

Which cells adapted to use O2?

A

Eukaryotes.

99
Q

Advantage of aerobic respiration in eukaryotes

A

Produced many more ATP from 1 glucose

100
Q

is there such a thing as an anaerobic eukaryote?

A

No.

101
Q

Three domains of life:

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

102
Q

First branching

A

Between prokaryotes - bacteria and Archaea - unicellular

103
Q

We’re closer to which domain of life (besides eukaryotes)? Why?

A

archaea - we branched from them

104
Q

Origin of nuclear membrane and endomembrane system

A

There was an evolutionary incentive to growing larger - larger cells could eat bacteria and other smaller things. As cells grew larger, invaginations were created, forming the nuclear membrane (nucleus) and endomembrane system.

105
Q

Main theory for origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts

A

Endosymbiotic theory

106
Q

Endosymbiotic theory

A

Larger anaerobic eukaryotes engulfed aerobic prokaryotes - became mitochondria and chloroplasts that allowed host cell to become aerobic.

107
Q

Theorized ancestor of mitochondria

A

Rickettsia - typhus causing bacteria that needs a host cell

108
Q

Evidence supporting endosymbiotic theory

A

1) Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the right size
2) Their inner membranes have enzymes and a transport system that resembles those found in the plasma membranes of modern prokaryotes
3) They replicate through a process resembling binary fission - eukaryotes divide through mitosis
4) have circular chromosome not associated with histones
5) Have their own rRNA, ribosomes, and other equipment needed to transcribe and translate their DNA into proteins.

109
Q

Eukaryotes have taken what from Archaeans?

A

information processing (copying DNA)

110
Q

Eukaryotes have taken what from Prokaryotes?

A

Protein and ATP synthesis (housekeeping)

Core Biology (2 decks)

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