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Biology > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cell wall

A

protects cell from outside environment and maintains shape. Also prevents cell from bursting if internal pressure rises

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2
Q

Plasma membrane

A

semi-permeable membrane that controls the substances moving into and out of cell. Contains integral and peripheral proteins. Substances pass through by active or passive transport

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3
Q

Cytoplasm

A

contains enzymes used to catalyze chem reactions of metabolism and contains DNA in region called nucleoid. Ribosomes found in cytoplasm

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4
Q

Pili

A

help bacteria adhere to each other for exchange of genetic material. Helps attach to diff substances

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5
Q

Flagella

A

propells bacteria to move around by the use of the motor protein

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6
Q

ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis. contributes to protein synthesis by translating messenger RNA

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7
Q

nucleoid

A

region containing naked DNA — stores hereditary material (genetic info) — controls cell and will be passed on to daughter cells

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8
Q

plasmid DNA

A

additional DNA mole that can exist and replicated independently of the genophore — it can be transmitted between bactorial species

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9
Q

Capsule

A

thick polysaccharide layer — protection against dessication (drying out) and phagocytosis

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10
Q

mesosome

A

sight of respiration

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11
Q

cytosol

A

refers to semifluid portion of cytoplasm. includes cytosol and organelles (except nucleus). Contains proteins, lipids, carbs, salts and other solutes. Chem reactions take place

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12
Q

Cytoskeleten

A

small tubules and filaments — suspended in cytosol and provides support and shape

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13
Q

nuclues

A

control center. contains DNA

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14
Q

Rough EDR

A

ribosom embedded on surface. pack proteins — secreted into sacs

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15
Q

smooth EDR

A

involved production of lipids (cholesteral) and (sex) hormones. Also in detoxifaction of substances

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16
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

processing proteins

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17
Q

lysosomes

A

holds digestive enzymes capable of digesting substances inside cell. engulf old, worn out organelles

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18
Q

mitochondrian

A

‘powerhouse’ of cell — produce ATP, responsible for aerobic respiration

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19
Q

plastids

A

occur in plants and photosynthetic eukaryotes. incl chloroplasts (site of photosynthesis), lecicoplasts (stores starch, proteins and oils) and chromoplasts

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20
Q

vacuoles

A

storage. salts, ions and water

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21
Q

centrioles

A

animal cells only. composed of set of microtubules and form spindles during cell division

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22
Q

basic 3 components of cell theory

A
  1. all orgs composed of 1+ cells
  2. Cell is basic unit of life in all living
  3. All cells produced by division of pre-existing cells
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23
Q

7 functions of life

A
  1. Nutrition
  2. Metabolism
  3. Growth
  4. Response
  5. Excretion
  6. Homeostasis
  7. Reproduction
24
Q

two key properties of stem cells

A
  1. stem cells can divide again and again to produce new cells —– useful for growth of tissues or replacement of cells lost or damaged
  2. not fully differentiated — can differentiate to produce differet cell type
25
Q

Sources of stem cells

A

embryonic, cord blood, adult,

26
Q

Eukaryotics

A

have compartment in cells that contain chromosoms

nucleus bounded by nuclear envelope consisting of double layer of membrane

27
Q

Prokaryotics

A

do not have nucleus
were 1st org to evolve on earth and still have simplest cell structure
mostly small
found almost everywhere; soil, water, skin etc

28
Q

endocrine gland cells

A

secrete hormones into blood stream

29
Q

exocrine gland cells

A

secrete digestive enzymes into duct — carries them to small intestine where they digest food

30
Q

hydrophilic

A

attracted to water

31
Q

hydrophobic

A

not attracted to water

32
Q

Common features of cells

A

Every cell surrounded by membrane
Cells contain genetic material – stores all instructions needed for cell’s activities
Many these activities chem reactions — catalysed by enzymes
Cells have own energy release system powers all of cells activities

33
Q

How does striated muscle conform to and question cell theory

A 
Conform:
surrounded by membrane
have own genetic material and energy release system
Deviates:
much larger
ave 30mm length
many nuclei
34
Q

How does giant algae conform to and question cell theory

A

Conforms:
store genes inside nuclei
Deviates:
large — 100mm

35
Q

SA: V ratio – if too small?

in absorbing and excreting substances

A

substances not enter cell as quickly as required, and waste products accumulate — produced more rapidly than excreted

36
Q

SA:V ratio — if too small?

in heat production and loss

A

cells may overheat

because metabolism produces heat faster than is lost over surface

37
Q

What is tissue?

A

when a group of cells specialize in the same way to perform the same function
by becoming specialized carry out role more efficiently
develop ideal structure

38
Q

Gene being expressed

A

when gene is being used in the cell

39
Q

How does cell differentiation happen?

A

a diff sequence of genes is expressed in diff cell types

control of gene expression therefore key to development

40
Q

two properties of stem cells

A

can divide again and again — to produce quantities of new cells, for growth of tissues or replacement
not full differentiated — can differentiate

41
Q

difference betw Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

A

E — have nucleus, – compartmentalised

P — dont

42
Q

Advantages of being compartmentalised

A
  • more concentrated enzymes and substrates
  • substances that could cause damage can be kept inside membrane of an organelle
  • conditions maintained at ideal level for particular process
  • organelles can be moved around
43
Q

Function of Palisade mesophyll

A

cell type carries out most photosynthesis in leaf

44
Q

Amphipathic

A

substances part hydrophilic and part hydrophobic e.g phospholipid

45
Q

Functions of membrane proteins

A
  • hormone binding sites
  • immobilized enzymes with active site on outside
  • cell adhesion
  • cell to cell communication
  • channels for passive transport
  • pumps for active transport
46
Q

Role of cholesterol

A
  • disrupts regular packing of tails so prevents them from crystallizing and behaving as a solid
  • restricts molecular motion
  • reduces permeability to hydrophilic particles
47
Q

What are vesicles

A

small sacs of membrane with droplet of fluid inside

48
Q

What can vesicles be used for?

A

movement of materials around inside cells or to release materials from cells

49
Q

what are the four methods of moving particles across membranes?

A

simple diffusion
osmosis
active transport
facilitated diffusion

50
Q

define simple diffusion

A

spreading out of particles in liquids and gases
move particles from area of lower concentration — down concentration gradient
involves particles passing through phospholipids in membrane

51
Q

define facilitated diffusion

A

helps particles pass through from higher to lower concentration
-channels in p memb allow ions and particles that cannot diffuse to pass through

52
Q

osmosis

A

passive movement of water moles through partially permeable membrane from an area of higher solute concentration to an area of lower solute concentration

53
Q

active transport

A

cells taking in substances against concentration gradient
ATP
pump proteins

54
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

solution with higher osmolarity

water leaves cells by osmosis —- cytoplasm shrinks in volume

55
Q

hypotonic solution

A

lower osmolarity

cells take in water and swell up

56
Q

isotonic solution

A

solution with same osmolarity as cells

water moles enter and leave at same rate — healthy

Biology (5 decks)

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