Cells Flashcards
_______ saw openings in the corks and called them cells.
Robert Hooke
_____ enable us to see the tiny basic units of all living things.
Microscopes
Who realized that plant and animal cells are similar?
Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann
What are the three parts of the cell theory?
All living things are made of one or more cells.
The cell is the smallest unit of life.
All new cells come from preexisting cells.
__________ form when many small molecules join.
Macro-molecules
Main ingredient of cells:
Water
water molecules do what to other substances
dissolve
Four types of macro-molecules
nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and carbs
Nucleic acids are long chains of ______.
nucleotides
Nucleic Acids contain the cell’s ______
genetic information
Proteins are long chains of ______
amino acids
what is a lipid
a large macromolecule that doesn’t dissolve in water
lipids play important roles as _______ in cells
hint: not dissolving in water is helpful
barriers
sugar molecules (one, two, or long chains) make up _______
carbohydrates
Carbohydrates do what two things?
Store energy and communicate between cells.
Match the scientist to the cell
Schleiden
Schwann
animal
plant
Schleiden-plant
Schwann-animal
Rudolf Virchow did what?
suggest all cells come from preexisting cells
What is the difference between flagella and cilia?
Flagella is like a tail, cilia are like hairs
What are flagella and cilia used for?
Movement (mostly)
Name something cytoplasm contains.
salt
what are the two types of cells (not animal or plant)
Eukaryotic (Yoo-kair-y-otik) and prokaryotic
prokaryotics do or do not have membranes surrounding their nucleus.
Do not have a membrane surronding the nucleus
What are organelles?
Specialized structures in a cell to perform functions
what is cell fuel?
ATP
compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic
3 for pro, eu, and 4 for both
Pro-bacteria not many cell parts genetic material has no membrane Eu-make up plants, animals, fungi, protist genetic material surrounded by membrane membrane surrounded organelles both-some have cell wall have cytoplasm have cell membrane have cytoskeleton
make sure you know what each organelle looks like
can’t do that here. find a worksheet or something
Cell membrane
protects, controls enter and exit of materials, contains cell
nucleus
hold genetic material, command center
nulcleolus
makes ribosomes
mitochondria
release energy, “powerhouse”
Golgi apparatus
looks like a stack of pancakes, packages proteins into vesicles
ribosomes
make protein, on rough ER
vesicles
transport enzymes and proteins
Lysosomes
animal only, break down molecules
Smooth ER
removes waste
Rough ER
makes proteins
What does ER stand for?
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Cytoplasm
fluid that fills cell, most reactions and work occur there, contains salt
chloroplasts
produces food, photosynthesis, contains green chlorophyll, plant only
CENTRAL vacuole
Plant only (animals have small, spread vacuoles); store water, food and waste; helps with turgor pressure
What is turgor pressure?
Water pressure to keep plants upright
cell wall
Plant only, protects cell
nuclear membrane
separates nucleus from cytoplasm, controls what enters and exits the nucleus
cytoskeleton
controls cell shape, organization, and movement
what are microtubules?
what cytoskeleton is made of
genetic material
tells cell what to do, how to do it, and when.
Most cells in an organism go through a cycle called ______ (multi-word)
a cell cycle
name the two phases and what each are
Interphase-growth and preparation for division
Mitosis-cell division
which phase takes up most of cell cycle
Interphase
During interphase, DNA is called_______
chromatin
Begins with rapid growth. This is called:
G1 stage
second, cell replicates strands of chromatin. This is called:
S Stage
two indentical strands of DNA are called:
Sister chromatids
NOT IMPORTANT: what do stages stand for?
Gap 1, Synthesis, Gap 2
A stage of final preparation and growth before mitosis
G2 stage
What is the difference between mitosis and cytokinesis?
mitosis is the split of the nucleus, cytokinesis is the split of cytoplasm.
what are the names of the new cells from mitosis and cytokinesis?
daughter cells
In animal cells, a ____ gets deeper and depper until the cell membrane comes together to divide the cell.
furrow
in plant cells, a _____ (multiword) grows outward toward a new cell wall until two new cells form.
cell plate
True or False: The original cell no longer exists.
True.
How many daughter cells are made in meiosis?
4
female sex cell
egg
male sex cell
sperm
egg cell and sperm cell unite in____
fertilization
what kind of cell have pairs of chromosomes?
diploid
Homologous chromosomes are what?
pairs of chromosomes that have genes for the same traits arranged in the same order
Haploid cells have
only one chromosome from each pair
Meiosis has _ divisions of nucleus and cytoplasm
2
Meiosis creates genetic variation by producing ____ _____
haploid cells
Advantages and disadvantages of sexual reporduction
Adv,
Variation is good if environment changes, selective breeding is used to create perfect anumals and plants
dis,
have to develop before they can reproduce, searching for a mate takes time and energy
The Cell Cycle
growth, development, and division
Prophase
nuclear membrane disappears, chromatin condenses into chromosomes, spindle fibers form, centrioles move to poles
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up in the center of the cell.
Anaphase
The chromosomes/homologous pairs split and move to opposite sides of the cell, cell begins to stretch
Telophase
nuclear membrane reforms, chromosomes recondense into chromatin, cells are almost split
What is interkinesis?
A short interphase inbetween meiosis I and II
Match division with outcomes:
Meiosis
Mitosis
Unique
Identical
Four
Two
Mitosis, Identical, Two
Meiosis, Unique, Four
What is crossing over?
Pieces of homologous chromosomes switch places during prophase I
