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Biology Yr 11 > Cells 2 > Flashcards

Cells 2 Flashcards

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1
Q
A
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2
Q

Define plasma membrane

A

Insoluble boundary of all living cells that maintains contents of cell and regulates movement of substances in and out of cell

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3
Q

What have a plasma membrane an cell wall

A

Plants Bacteria Algae Fungi

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4
Q

What do animals only have

A

Plasma membrane

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5
Q

Is a cell wall permeable or impermeable

A

Permeable to most substances Selectively permeable

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6
Q

Why is selective permeability important

A

Keeps optimal internal environment stable Removes waste Takes in necessary molecules and irons

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7
Q

What does plasma membrane control

A

Exchange of material between internal and external environments of cell

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8
Q

What are all cells contained by

A

A plasma membrane

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9
Q

Describe plasma membrane

A

Flexible and porous Made up primarily of phospholipids and proteins

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10
Q

Define hydrophilic head

A

Phosphate (water absorbing/dissolving)

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11
Q

Define hydrophobic end

A

Fatty acid chains (avoid water/can’t dissolve)

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12
Q

What is the current accepted model for plasma membrane structure

A

Fluid mosaic model

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13
Q

What does the fluid mosaic model describe membranes as

A

Lipid bilayer which can flow and change shape Specialised proteins imbedded in lipid in various patterns

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14
Q

What is the plasma membrane made more flexible by

A

Cholesterol in animals Phytosterol in plants and bacteria

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15
Q

What are the different proteins imbedded in plasma membrane

A

Adhesion Transport Receptor Recognition

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16
Q

Define adhesion proteins

A

Help link cells together

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17
Q

Transport proteins

A

Carry molecules across membranes

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18
Q

Receptor proteins

A

Binds hormones and other signal molecules

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19
Q

Recognition proteins

A

Acts as a marker on proteins

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20
Q

Antigens

A

Recognition proteins or glycoproteins combined with a carb chain

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21
Q

What do antigens allow immune system to do

A

Recognise own cells

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22
Q

What are the two types of transport

A

Passive and active

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23
Q

Passive transport

A

Movement of irons and molecules across a membrane from high to low concentration No energy required

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24
Q

Active transport

A

Transport of substances across membrane from low to high concentration Requires energy

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25
Q

Diffusion

A

Spreading out of particles so they are distributed over space available Movement of irons and molecules from high to low concentration until reach equilibrium

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26
Q

Diffusion occurs in what and why

A

Gases and liquids Molecules constantly moving

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27
Q

Define met diffusion

A

Movement of gas and liquid molecules from high concentration to low concentration along a diffusion gradient

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28
Q

Why is it called net diffusion

A

Some molecules will randomly move against the gradient

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29
Q

Define passive diffusion

A

Down a concentration gradient

30
Q

Particle move how

A

Randomly at equal rates in all directions

31
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Passive process that requires substance to be attached to specific carrier molecule to move across membrane Charged particles Na + CL - Large molecules glucose,amino acids

32
Q

What my carry molecules be

A

Carrier proteins Channel proteins

33
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water across selectively permeable membranes from regions of low solute to high solute concentration

34
Q

Most important solvent in human body is what

A

Water (universal solvent)

35
Q

Define solvent

A

Substance in which another substance can dissolve to create a solution

36
Q

Define solute

A

Substance that can be dissolved in another substance

37
Q

Dilute solution

A

High concentration of solvent to solute particles

38
Q

Concentrated solution

A

Low concentration of solvent to solute particles

39
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

Low solute concentration Water goes into eukaryotic cells

40
Q

What do Eucaryotes have to remove excess water?

A

Contractile vacuoles Maintain osmotic balance by collecting water and emptying from self

41
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

High solute concentration Water leaves eukaryotic solution and cells shrink

42
Q

What do vacuoles in plants contain

A

Sap

43
Q

Why are turgid cells important in plants

A

Maintain shape and form

44
Q

Turgid

A

Tight and rigid from absorbed water

45
Q

Define hypotonic solution

A

Full turgor on plant cells

46
Q

What happens in Hypertonic solution

A

Vacuole shrinks Cell becomes flaccid Membrane pulls away from cell wall (plasmolysis)

47
Q

What do transport proteins use ATP for?

A

To move molecules or ions up their concentration gradient Eg: sodium-potassium pump

48
Q

What is sometimes required during active transport?

A

Bulk transport of particles across plasma membrane

49
Q

Define endocytosis

A

Movement of solids or liquids into cell from environment via vesicle formation

50
Q

Define exocytosis

A

Movement of solids or liquids out of a cell to the environment via vesicle formation

51
Q

What happens for vesicle to be suspended in cell’s cytoplasm?

A

Cell membrane folds around droplet of liquid or solid particle until completely enclosed. Newly formed vesicle pinches off.

52
Q

What are liquids called in regard to endocytosis?

A

Pinocytosis

53
Q

What are solids called in regard to endocytosis?

A

Phagocytosis

54
Q

Examples of phagocytosis

A

Amoeba eating Macrophage engulfing bacteria

55
Q

Define exocytosis

A

When contents of vesicle inside cell are passed to the outside

56
Q

How does exocytosis occur?

A

Vesicle that’s formed inside cell migrates to cell membrane and fuses with membrane. Contents of vesicle push out into extra cellular fluid

57
Q

Egs of exocytosis

A

Animals: hormones, mucus, milk proteins, digestive enzymes to other parts of animal Plants: Growth regulators toxins and macromolecules to other parts of plants

58
Q

What does physical and chemical nature of a substance determine

A

Way in which it will be transported across membranes by cells

59
Q

Chemical factors influencing cell material transport

A

Uncharged molecules dissolve easily in phospholipid bilayer Charged molecules require transport proteins call iron channels

60
Q

Physical factors influencing cell material transport

A

Size and charge affect rate of diffusion across membrane

61
Q

Impact of concentration gradient on substances

A

Diffuse more rapidly the higher the concentration gradient

62
Q

How does surface area to volume ratio affect how cell removes waste and supplies metabolic requirements

A

The larger surface area to volume ratio the more efficient cell is at removing waste and supplying metabolic requirements

63
Q

How do cells deal with issues of surface area to volume ratio

A

Changing shape

64
Q

Give example of how cells deal with issues of surface area to volume ratio by changing shape

A

Root hairs ( increased surface area) Biconcave red blood cells( increase surface area)

65
Q

How big are most human cells

A

10-15 nano meters

66
Q

Why is there a limit to cell size

A

All requirements of cell and products of cell must pass across cell membrane Therefore relationship between surface area and volume is important

67
Q

How do cells assemble, rearrange and breakdown organic compounds

A

Chemical reactions

68
Q

What do internal cellular membranes allow

A

Many chemical reactions to occur at the same time

69
Q

Function of membrane bound cellular structures

A

Storage of products Concentration of reactants

70
Q

Increased surface area of membrane bound cellular structures allows for what

A

More enzymes available for chemical reactions

Biology Yr 11 (4 decks)

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