Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology Yr 11 > Cells 2 > Flashcards

Cells 2 Flashcards

1
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define plasma membrane

A

Insoluble boundary of all living cells that maintains contents of cell and regulates movement of substances in and out of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What have a plasma membrane an cell wall

A

Plants Bacteria Algae Fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do animals only have

A

Plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Is a cell wall permeable or impermeable

A

Permeable to most substances Selectively permeable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why is selective permeability important

A

Keeps optimal internal environment stable Removes waste Takes in necessary molecules and irons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does plasma membrane control

A

Exchange of material between internal and external environments of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are all cells contained by

A

A plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe plasma membrane

A

Flexible and porous Made up primarily of phospholipids and proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define hydrophilic head

A

Phosphate (water absorbing/dissolving)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define hydrophobic end

A

Fatty acid chains (avoid water/can’t dissolve)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the current accepted model for plasma membrane structure

A

Fluid mosaic model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does the fluid mosaic model describe membranes as

A

Lipid bilayer which can flow and change shape Specialised proteins imbedded in lipid in various patterns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the plasma membrane made more flexible by

A

Cholesterol in animals Phytosterol in plants and bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the different proteins imbedded in plasma membrane

A

Adhesion Transport Receptor Recognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define adhesion proteins

A

Help link cells together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Transport proteins

A

Carry molecules across membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Receptor proteins

A

Binds hormones and other signal molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Recognition proteins

A

Acts as a marker on proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Antigens

A

Recognition proteins or glycoproteins combined with a carb chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What do antigens allow immune system to do

A

Recognise own cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the two types of transport

A

Passive and active

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Passive transport

A

Movement of irons and molecules across a membrane from high to low concentration No energy required

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Active transport

A

Transport of substances across membrane from low to high concentration Requires energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Diffusion
Spreading out of particles so they are distributed over space available Movement of irons and molecules from high to low concentration until reach equilibrium
26
Diffusion occurs in what and why
Gases and liquids Molecules constantly moving
27
Define met diffusion
Movement of gas and liquid molecules from high concentration to low concentration along a diffusion gradient
28
Why is it called net diffusion
Some molecules will randomly move against the gradient
29
Define passive diffusion
Down a concentration gradient
30
Particle move how
Randomly at equal rates in all directions
31
Facilitated diffusion
Passive process that requires substance to be attached to specific carrier molecule to move across membrane Charged particles Na + CL - Large molecules glucose,amino acids
32
What my carry molecules be
Carrier proteins Channel proteins
33
Osmosis
Movement of water across selectively permeable membranes from regions of low solute to high solute concentration
34
Most important solvent in human body is what
Water (universal solvent)
35
Define solvent
Substance in which another substance can dissolve to create a solution
36
Define solute
Substance that can be dissolved in another substance
37
Dilute solution
High concentration of solvent to solute particles
38
Concentrated solution
Low concentration of solvent to solute particles
39
Hypotonic solution
Low solute concentration Water goes into eukaryotic cells
40
What do Eucaryotes have to remove excess water?
Contractile vacuoles Maintain osmotic balance by collecting water and emptying from self
41
Hypertonic solution
High solute concentration Water leaves eukaryotic solution and cells shrink
42
What do vacuoles in plants contain
Sap
43
Why are turgid cells important in plants
Maintain shape and form
44
Turgid
Tight and rigid from absorbed water
45
Define hypotonic solution
Full turgor on plant cells
46
What happens in Hypertonic solution
Vacuole shrinks Cell becomes flaccid Membrane pulls away from cell wall (plasmolysis)
47
What do transport proteins use ATP for?
To move molecules or ions up their concentration gradient Eg: sodium-potassium pump
48
What is sometimes required during active transport?
Bulk transport of particles across plasma membrane
49
Define endocytosis
Movement of solids or liquids into cell from environment via vesicle formation
50
Define exocytosis
Movement of solids or liquids out of a cell to the environment via vesicle formation
51
What happens for vesicle to be suspended in cell's cytoplasm?
Cell membrane folds around droplet of liquid or solid particle until completely enclosed. Newly formed vesicle pinches off.
52
What are liquids called in regard to endocytosis?
Pinocytosis
53
What are solids called in regard to endocytosis?
Phagocytosis
54
Examples of phagocytosis
Amoeba eating Macrophage engulfing bacteria
55
Define exocytosis
When contents of vesicle inside cell are passed to the outside
56
How does exocytosis occur?
Vesicle that's formed inside cell migrates to cell membrane and fuses with membrane. Contents of vesicle push out into extra cellular fluid
57
Egs of exocytosis
Animals: hormones, mucus, milk proteins, digestive enzymes to other parts of animal Plants: Growth regulators toxins and macromolecules to other parts of plants
58
What does physical and chemical nature of a substance determine
Way in which it will be transported across membranes by cells
59
Chemical factors influencing cell material transport
Uncharged molecules dissolve easily in phospholipid bilayer Charged molecules require transport proteins call iron channels
60
Physical factors influencing cell material transport
Size and charge affect rate of diffusion across membrane
61
Impact of concentration gradient on substances
Diffuse more rapidly the higher the concentration gradient
62
How does surface area to volume ratio affect how cell removes waste and supplies metabolic requirements
The larger surface area to volume ratio the more efficient cell is at removing waste and supplying metabolic requirements
63
How do cells deal with issues of surface area to volume ratio
Changing shape
64
Give example of how cells deal with issues of surface area to volume ratio by changing shape
Root hairs ( increased surface area) Biconcave red blood cells( increase surface area)
65
How big are most human cells
10-15 nano meters
66
Why is there a limit to cell size
All requirements of cell and products of cell must pass across cell membrane Therefore relationship between surface area and volume is important
67
How do cells assemble, rearrange and breakdown organic compounds
Chemical reactions
68
What do internal cellular membranes allow
Many chemical reactions to occur at the same time
69
Function of membrane bound cellular structures
Storage of products Concentration of reactants
70
Increased surface area of membrane bound cellular structures allows for what
More enzymes available for chemical reactions

Biology Yr 11 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions