Cells

Question 0

Nucleus

Answer 0

The membrane bound structure inside inside the cell that contains the genetic material DNA

Question 1

Cell membrane (plasma membrane)

Answer 1

The thin membrane that firms the boundary of the cell

Question 2

Cytoplasm

Answer 2

The gel like living fluid in between the cell membranes and the nucleus

Question 3

Parts of a cell membrane (plasma membrane)

Answer 3

Made up if 2 layers of phospholipid and chiles total molecules. Cholesterol helps stabilize the phospholipid molecules to prevent breakage of membrane.

Question 4

Roles of proteins in cell membrane

Answer 4

Proteins work as communicators to relay messages from hormones that influence the function of the cell

Question 5

Role of carbohydrates in cell membrane

Answer 5

Carbohydrates play a part in identifying the call as specifically belonging to an individual.

Question 6

Nucleus

Answer 6

A small spherical in the central portions of the cell that is surrounded by the nuclear envelope. It is the cells command center that controls every part of the cell in cytoplasm. CONTAINS DNA

Question 7

Nucleolus

Answer 7

Dense region of the nucleus that produces subunits that form ribosomes
Nucleolus forms ribosomes in cytoplasm with ribosome subunits

Question 8

Chromatin granules

Answer 8

Found in the nucleus. Made up of proteins (histones) around which the DNA is tightly bound

Question 9

Cytoplasm

Answer 9

Internal living material in cells

Contains all organelles

Question 10

Ribosomes

Answer 10

Tiny particles that serve as “protein factories” of the cell making enzymes and other protein compounds
Ribosomes are made up of rRNA(ribosomal ribonucleic acid)

Question 11

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Answer 11

The ER it’s the transport system of the cell. Consists of membranous network of interconnected channels that carry protein and other substances through cytoplasm

Question 12

Rough ER

Answer 12

Has ribosomes attached to it.

Question 13

Golgi apparatus

Answer 13

Consists of tiny sacs stacked on one another near the nucleus
It chemically processes “packages” substances from the ER, exports them in vesicles outward to the plans membrane

Question 14

Mitochondria

Answer 14

Power plant of the cell containing enzymes and substances who’s reactions release energy to recharge the cells battery or the ATP.

Question 15

Lysosomes

Answer 15

The “digestive bags” of the cell containing enzymes that break apart large food molecules through hydrolysis. Also destroy and digest microbes that invade cell

Question 16

Centrioles

Answer 16

Rod shaped structures that help in the process of moving chromosomes during cell division

Question 17

Microvilli

Answer 17

Small finger like projections of the plasma membrane that increase absorptive capacity of the cell

Question 18

Cilia

Answer 18

Hair like projections of he plasma membrane that serve as antennae for the cell to sense it’s surrounding and help attach itself to surface

Question 19

Passive transport

Answer 19

Movement of substances from a high concentration to low concentration requiring no ATP or cellular energy

Question 20

Active transport

Answer 20

Involves movement of substances from a low concentration to high requiring ATP or cellular energy

Question 21

Principles in passive transport processes

Answer 21

1. Diffusion
2. Osmosis
3. Filtration

Question 22

Principles in active transport

Answer 22

1. Ion pumps are carriers that move ions agains concentration gradients. Pumps may have to be particular to one ion or may be coupled to pump two ions simultaneously
2. Large particles are engulfed during phagocytosis, whereas fluid and dissolved substances are brought into the cell in pinocytosis

Question 23

DNA

Answer 23

Made of smaller subunits called nucleotides each consisting if a sugar, phosphate and a nitrogen base.

Question 24

Gene

Answer 24

Genes are DNA segments that contain hereditary info

Question 25

Genetic code

Answer 25

Is the info in the gene that dictates directions for protein synthesis - structural and functional proteins

Question 26

Differences between RNA and mRNA

Answer 26

1. RNA molecules are single stranded
2. The sugar in RNA is a ribose sugar (as opposed to deoxy-ribose in DNA)
3. Thymine in the DNA is replaced by uracil in RNA

Question 27

Transcription in protein synthesis

Answer 27

In the nucleus DNA unwinds and messenger RNA (mRNA) copies/transcribes the gene sequence in the DNA. The mRNA moves out of the nucleus to the cytoplasm to direct protein synthesis in the ribosomes and the ER

Question 28

Translation

Answer 28

Is the synthesis of proteins in the cytoplasm by ribosomes based on info from mRNA

Question 29

1. Interphase

Answer 29

The cell prepares for cell division; DNA makes a copy of itself in the process called DNA replication which endures that genetic material would be the same for both
daughter cells

Question 30

2. Prophase

Answer 30

The replicated DNA strands form pairs of chromatids (tightly coiled VISIBLE chromosomes) that are held together by the centromere. In the cytoplasm centrioles separate and dorm spindle fibers

Question 31

3. Metaphase

Answer 31

The chromosomes align at the center of the cell and centrioles migrate to the opposite poles of the cell. Spindle fibers attach themselves to the centromeres. Nuclear envelope and Nucleolus disappears

Question 32

4. Anaphase

Answer 32

The centromeres break apart and the chromosomes move away from the center of the cell. The cleavage furrow forms to divide the cell into 2 daughter cells

Question 33

5. Telophase

Answer 33

The nuclear envelope and the nuclei reappear; the cytoplasm and organelles divide equally resulting in two identical daughter cells each with identical characteristics

Question 34

Tissue

Answer 34

An organization of many cells that act together to perform common functions

Question 35

Totes of tissues

Answer 35

1. Epithelial tissue
2. Connective tissues
3. Muscle tissues
   • skeletal
   • smooth
   •cardiac
4. Nervous tissues