Cells Flashcards
Revision
Cell membrane
Controls what goes in and out of the cell
Nucleus
Controls cell activities
Mitochondria
The site of aerobic respiration
Ribosomes
The structures were proteins are made
Vacuole
Fluid filled sack Helps to provide support for the cell
Cell wall
Gives the cell a definite shape and provides support
Chloroplast
Contains chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis
Cytoplasm
Where chemical reactions take place
Plasmid
Small circular rings of DNA that can be
replicated and transferred between Bacteria
What is diffusion ( passive transport)
The movement of molecules DOWN a concentration gradient from high concentration to low concentration until its equal
What is osmosis ( passive transport)
The movement of water molecules from a region of high water concentration to low water concentration through a selectively permeable membrane
100% water in plant cells
Makes it turgid
20% water in plant cells
Makes it plasmalysed
100% water in animal cells
Makes it burst
20% water in animal cells
Becomes shrivelled
Active transport
Protein collects molecule, with energy from ATP the protein moves 180 degrees, molecule released into the cell and protein with more energy moves 180 degrees
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA is the genetic information contained by
chromosomes (thread like structures found in the nucleus of a cell).
A and T
Adenine and thymine pair together
C and G
Cytosine and guanine pair together
MRNA
Messenger RNA is a type of RNA that carries a complementary copy of the genetic
code from the DNA in the nucleus to a ribosome in the cytoplasm.
HPCOW degradation
hydrogen peroxide- catalase = oxygen and water
Enzymes
Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions while remaining unchanged
Degradation
Reactions will break down a large molecule into 2 or more smaller molecules
Synthesis
Reactions will join 2 or more smaller molecules into a larger molecules
SAM degradation
Starch-amylase= maltose
G1PPS synthesis
Glucose -1- phosphate- phosphorylase = starch
Optimum conditions
The condition in which an enzyme is at its most active
CTAA breakdown
Casin-trypsin =amino acids
What is stage 1 respiration called and where does it take place
Glycolysis and cytoplasm
What is stage 2 respiration called and where does it take place
Stage 2 and takes place in mitochondria
What happens Stage 1 respiration
Glucose - pyruvate and makes little ATP (2)
What happens Stage 2 respiration
Pyruvate - carbon dioxide and water and makes lots of ATP (36)
Word equation for respiration
Glucose + oxygen- atp and water and carbon dioxide
Fermentation
Glucose - pyruvate makes ADP + P1 and a small number of ATP
What happens in animals fermentation
Makes lactate (reversible due to oxygen)
What happens in plants and yeast fermentation
Makes carbon dioxide and ethanol (irreversible )
Word equation for fermentation in animals
Glucose - lactate + ATP
Word equation for fermentation in plants and yeast
Glucose - ethanol + carbon dioxide
