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Alevel AQA Biology > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

List examples of eukaryotic cells

A

-plant
-animal
-fungi
-protist (e.g. algae)

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2
Q

List an example of a prokaryotic cell

A

Bacteria

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3
Q

List an example of an akaryote (not cells)

A

Viruses

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4
Q

Why is fungi not a plant?

A

-contains cell walls, but it contains chitin, not cellulose.
-Fungi; do not photosynthesise, so don’t contain chloroplasts.

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5
Q

Why is algae not a plant?

A

Simularities:
- CAN carry out photosynthesis and are very similar to plant cells as they contain the same organelles e.g. chloroplasts and cell wall (often cellulose as well as hemicellulose

Differences:
-plants are multicellular, algae can be uni cellular.Does not exhibit different cells, e.g., roots stems and leaves

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6
Q

Which cells contain a membrane bound nucleus and which ones don’t?

A

Eukatyotes: contains a membrane bound nucleus
Prokaryotes: NO membrane bound nucleus
Akaryotes: Non-cellular. No membrane,no cellulose. Non living.

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7
Q

What is the function of the cell surface membrane? (Not classified as an organelle)

A

Controls exchange between the cell and its environment. It is selectively permeable, made up of a phospholipid bilayer with many transport proteins embedded in it and receptors for cell recognition and attachment. It is fluid allowing endo- and exo-cytosis.

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8
Q

What is the structure of mitochondria?

A

-double membrane. The inner membrane is folded to form cristae (large surface area for ATP synthesis).
-Intermembrane space. Contains a high concentration of hydrogen ions.
-matrix. Containing circular DNA and 70s ribosomes used to make proteins and self replication.

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9
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

-site of aerobic respiration, using oxygen to make ATP. Many found in cells with a high ATP requirement eg muscle cell’s for contraction.

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10
Q

Exam type of question: why do mitochondria appear in different shapes?

A

-They are 3D and so sit at different angles.
-can appear round or lozenge shape depending on angles.
- ‘they have been cut on different planes’.

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11
Q

What is the structure of chloroplasts?

A

-Double membrane. Inner membrane folded into thylakoids. Thylakoids stacked into into grana. Photosynthetic pigments e.g. chlorophyll located on these membranes. This is the sight of the light dependent reactions.
-stroma. Contains circular DNA and 60s ribosomes used to make proteins and self-replication. It is the site of the light independent reactions. Often contains starch grains (amyloplasts)

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12
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

Site of photosynthesis. Found in plant and algal cells.

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13
Q

What is the structure of ribosomes?

A

-Ribosomes are composed of 2 subunit, one large and one small which are each made up of only rRNA and protein (no membranes).
-In eukaryotic cells the ribosomes are bigger than in prokaryotic cells (sometimes referred to as 80s. In prokaryotic cells they are smaller 70s)

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14
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

-site of protein synthesis
-site of translation

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15
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

System of flattened membrane bound sacs called cisternae found throughout the cell.

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16
Q

What is the function of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

A

-covered in ribosomes. Proteins are synthesised here and transported/folded in the cisternae.

17
Q

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

A

No ribosomes. Lipids and steroids are synthesised here.

18
Q

What is the structure of the golgi apparatus?

A

A stack of dynamic flattened cisternae formed from vesicles from the RER.

19
Q

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A

Packages/ modifies proteins received from the RER.
In the cisternae the proteins are modified e.g. to form glycoproteins and packaged into vesicles which bud of to be transported either to another part of the cell or out of the cell (exocytosis/secretion). If the vesicles contain digestive (hydrolytic) enzymes they can form lysosomes.

20
Q

What is the structure of lysosomes?

A

Spherical membrane bound sacs containing lysozymes (hydrolytic enzymes)

21
Q

What is the structure of the vacuole?

A

Plant cells: all contain a large permanent vacuole surrounded by a membrane called the tonoplast.
Animal cells: contain vacuoles but they are small and temporary.

22
Q

What is the function of of the vacuole?

A

Plant cells: function as storage sites e.g. contains the pigment anthocyanin in beetroot cells.
Animal cells: they may act as contractile vacuoles or they may be formed in phagocytosis. Contracts it back out, doesn’t fill with water.

23
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Found outside the cell membrane. It gives the cell shape and prevents it from bursting. It is fully permeable to water and solutes.

24
Q

What is the cell wall made out of In the following…
-Plant/ algal cells
-fungal cells
-prokaryotic cells

A

Plant/algal cells- cellulose
Fungal cells- chitin
Prokaryotic cells- murein

25
Q

What is plasmodesma?

A

Between the cell walls in plants there are often plasmodesma (plural: plasmodeta). These provide cytoplsmic continuity between plant cells, allowing rapid transport of material.

26
Q

Outline the role of organelles in the production, transport and release of proteins from eukaryotic cells (exam question)

A
  1. DNA in nucleus is code (for protein)
  2. Ribosomes/ RER produce (protein)
    3.mitrochindria produce ATP for protein synthesis
    4.golgi apparatus package/ modify
    Or
    Carbohydrate added/ glycoprotein produced by golgi apparatus
  3. Vesicles transport OR RER transports
    6.(vesicles ) fuse with cell(-surface) membrane.
27
Q

What us a tissue. List examples:

A

-aggregation of simular cells carrying out the same function.
-epithelial tissue, endothelial tissue, cardiac tissue.

28
Q

What is an organ?
List examples

A

-aggregation of several tissues to perform a particular function for the whole organism.
-lung, liver, leaf, root

29
Q

What Is an organ system?
List examples

A

-several organs working together
-circulatory system (has the heart, arteries and veins)

30
Q

Explain how the epithelial cells in the small intestines are specialised.

A

Cells lining the walls of the small intestines are specialised to maximise absorption of small soluble molecules into blood.
They have microvilli to increase surface area, many mitochondria so lots of aerobic respiration to make ATP for active uptake of molecules and many specific protein carriers in the cell membrane.

Alevel AQA Biology (2 decks)

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