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year 8 science > cells > Flashcards

cells Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the cell wall (description, function, presence)?

A

description: a rigid layer that surrounds the cells of plants, fungi, and bacteria.
function: provides rigid structure and protection to the cell.
presence: plant cells

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2
Q

what is the cell membrane (description, function, presence)?

A

description: a flexible, semi-permeable membrane surrounding the cell.
function: regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
presence: both plant and animal cells

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3
Q

what is the nucleus (description, function, presence)?

A

description: A membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell’s genetic material.
function: Controls cell activities and contains DNA.
presence: Both plant and animal cells

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4
Q

what is the cytoplasm (description, function, presence)?

A

description: a jelly-like substance within the cell membrane.
function: supports and suspends organelles and cellular molecules.
presence: both plant and animal cells

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5
Q

what is the mitochondria (description, function, presence)?

A

description: bean-shaped organelles with a double membrane.
function: powerhouse of the cell, produces energy through cellular respiration.
presence: both plant and animal cells

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6
Q

what is the chloroplast (description, function, presence)?

A

description: organelles found in plant cells containing chlorophyll (resulting in their green colour).
function: site of photosynthesis, converts solar energy into chemical energy.
presence: plant cells

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7
Q

distinguish between animal and plant cells (how does the function aid)?

A
  • plant cells have cell walls (to protect themselves and for a rigid structure) which animals do not (cause them to not be able to move as easily and perform daily tasks).
  • plant cells have chloroplasts (along with mitochondria for energy, as the chloroplast can only be used during the daytime with the sun out) but animals do not have it (animals don’t need chloroplasts because they rely on consuming organic material for their glucose supply and converting to energy during cellular respiration)
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8
Q

how does the cell’s structure aid in diffusion?

A

the cell membrane in cells is semi-permeable, allowing small particles to pass through into and out of the cell.

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9
Q

what is diffusion?

A

diffusion is the movement of small particles through the cell membrane, from high concentration to low concentration.

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10
Q

what diffuses in and out of the cell?

A

essential substances like water, simple sugars and oxygen to diffuse into the cell, while waste products like carbon dioxide to leave the cell.

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11
Q

what is respiration?

A

respiration is the use of resources such as oxygen and simple sugars for the release of energy for cell use and is essential for life.

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12
Q

what part of the cell performs the cellular respiration?

A

the mitochondria releases energy from glucose and that energy is used for various functions to support many other reactions in the body (e.g. making molecules, muscle movement).

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13
Q

what is the word equation for cellular respiration in humans?

A

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy

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14
Q

what are the three concepts of cell theory?

A

cells are the basic unit of life
all living things are made up of cells
all cells come from other cells

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15
Q

what is the main waste product of respiration?

A

carbon dioxide is the main waste product of respiration as it is toxic and must be removed from the cells (exhaled)

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16
Q

why is surface area to volume ratio so important?

A
  • having a higher surface area means that the cell can have more areas for diffusion to occur and exchanges substances more rapidly, for more efficiency.
  • to ensure that the exchange of resources and waste occurs quickly enough for the cell to survive.
17
Q

what is cell division?

A

cell division or mitosis is the process of cells dividing, where one cell splits in half to create two identical new cells.

18
Q

what is the parent cell and daughter cell and what relationship do they have with each other?

A
  • the cell that divides is called the parent cell.
  • the two new cells that are created are called the daughter cell.
  • the daughter cells are genetically identical to each other, and also to the parent cell.
19
Q

why is mitosis important?

A

cell division is crucial for growth, repair and efficiency

20
Q

what is in the nucleus?

A

contains your 46 chromosomes.

21
Q

what is in the chromosomes?

A

made up of your DNA wrapping around proteins.

22
Q

what are chromatids?

A

each half of a chromosome.

23
Q

what is DNA?

A

a whole strand of a human’s genes.

24
Q

what are genes?

A

a section of a human’s DNA.

25
Q

what is interphase?

A

where the cell spends most of its time growing, replicating its DNA and performing cell functions, preparing for mitosis (PMAT).

26
Q

what is prophase?

A

the nucleus is still there and the chromosomes are condensing and visible.

27
Q

what is metaphase?

A

the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell and the nucleus is disassembled.

28
Q

what is anaphase?

A

the chromosomes are moved away to the opposite sides (poles) of the cells by spindles.

29
Q

what is telophase?

A

new nuclei are formed surrounding the chromosomes.

30
Q

what is cytokinesis?

A

final separation into two cells by splitting the cytoplasm.

31
Q

what are some features of unicellular organisms?

A
  • 1 cell
  • simple structure
  • typically microscopic in size
  • usually reproduces asexually
    e.g. bacteria, protists, yeast
32
Q

what are some features of multicellular organisms?

A
  • multiple cells
  • complex structure with specialised cells
  • can be microscopic or very large
  • can reproduce asexually or sexually
    e.g. animals, plants, fungi
33
Q

what are tissues (give examples)?

A

groups of similar cells that perform a specific function. e.g. muscle tissue, nervous tissue.

34
Q

what are organs (give examples)?

A

structures made of different types of tissues working together. e.g. heart, lungs.

35
Q

what are organ systems (give examples)?

A

groups of organs that work together to perform complex functions. e.g. respiratory system, nervous system, digestive system.

36
Q

what are microorganisms (and examples)?

A
  • tiny living organisms that are usually too small to be seen with the naked eye.
  • they include a variety of life forms: bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, algae.

year 8 science (6 decks)

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