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cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What fundamental molecules are essential components of living cells?

A

Cells contain fundamental molecules of life, including proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.

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1
Q

What is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms?

A

The basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms is the cell.

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2
Q

What are the two primary types of cells?

A

The two primary types of cells are prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.

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3
Q

What are some similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes, which are essential for cellular function.

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4
Q

What are key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

Key differences include that prokaryotic cells lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells possess both.

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5
Q

What is the function of pili in bacterial cells?

A

Pili are hair-like structures that simplify movement and help bacteria attach to surfaces.

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5
Q

What protective role does the capsule serve in some bacterial cells?

A

The capsule acts as an additional outer covering that protects bacterial cells from environmental threats and immune responses.

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6
Q

What is the purpose of the cell wall in most bacterial cells?

A

The cell wall provides structural support and protection, helping to maintain the cell’s shape.

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7
Q

How does the plasma membrane regulate cellular functions?

A

The plasma membrane surrounds the cell’s cytoplasm and regulates the flow of substances in and out of the cell, helping in transport and biosynthesis.

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8
Q

What is contained within the nucleoid of a bacterial cell?

A

single bacterial DNA molecule, which is not enclosed by a membrane.

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9
Q

What substances can be found in the cytoplasm of a cell?

A

a gel-like substance that includes ions, small molecules, and macromolecules necessary for cellular processes.

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10
Q

How does the flagellum contribute to the mobility of a cell?

A

The flagellum is a long, whip-like structure that enables cell movement by propelling the cell through its environment.

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10
Q

What is the primary role of ribosomes in a cell?

A

synthesizing proteins, translating the genetic information carried by mRNA.

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11
Q

What is an organelle?

A

specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function necessary for the cell’s survival.

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12
Q

What is the role of each organelle within a cell?

A

Each organelle has a specific and different job to do to keep the cell alive, contributing to various cellular processes.

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12
Q

What is the main structural difference between plant and animal cells?

A

The main structural difference is shape: plant cells are typically rectangular, while animal cells are round or oval.

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13
Q

Why are animal and plant cells classified as eukaryotic?

A

Animal and plant cells are classified as eukaryotic because they are multicellular and contain many organelles, including a nucleus that stores DNA.

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14
Q

What additional structure do plant cells have that animal cells do not?

A

Plant cells have a cell wall, which provides structural support, while animal cells do not.

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15
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts in plant cells?

A

Chloroplasts are responsible for photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy and producing oxygen and energy-rich compounds.

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16
Q

What is photosynthesis, and where does it occur?

A

Photosynthesis is the process that converts light energy into chemical energy, occurring in chloroplasts found in plants and green algae.

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17
Q

What pigment is found in chloroplasts, and what is its role?

A

Chlorophyll is the pigment found in chloroplasts, and it absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis.

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18
Q

What is the function of lysosomes in animal cells?

A

Lysosomes serve as the digestive system of the cell, breaking down macromolecules.

19
Q

Why do plant cells not require lysosomes?

A

Plant cells do not need lysosomes because they have vacuoles that contain enzymes functioning similarly to lysosomes.

20
Q

Where are centrioles located, and what is their role?

A

Centrioles are located in the cytoplasm of animal cells and help organize microtubules, providing structure and shape to the cell.

21
Q

What are some similarities between animal and plant cells as eukaryotic cells?

A

a nucleus and nucleolus, where the nucleus serves as the information center storing DNA and the nucleolus produces ribosomes essential for protein synthesis.

22
Q

What function does the cell membrane serve in both plant and animal cells?

A

The cell membrane controls what gets in and out of the cell, acting as a semipermeable barrier.

23
Q

What is the purpose of vacuoles in both plant and animal cells?

A

Vacuoles store food, water, enzymes, or waste products within the cell.

23
Q

What substance fills the inside of both plant and animal cells?

A

Both plant and animal cells contain cytoplasm, which is the gelatinous liquid that fills the cell.

24
Q

What is the function of mitochondria in cells?

A

Mitochondria produce the energy necessary to power cells through cellular respiration.

25
Q

What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and what are their functions?

A

The two types of endoplasmic reticulum are:

Smooth ER: Involved in lipid metabolism, synthesis, and calcium storage.
Rough ER: Contains ribosomes, which synthesize proteins.

26
Q

How do vacuoles differ between plant and animal cells?

A

Vacuoles in plant cells are much larger and typically only one, while animal cells have one or more smaller vacuoles.

26
Q

What role does the Golgi body play in a cell?

A

The Golgi body helps process and package proteins that will be exported from the cell, packaging them into membrane-bound vesicles.

27
Q

What is the Cell Theory?

A

The Cell Theory consists of two main points:
1. The basis of every organism, both plants and animals, is a cell that performs all vital functions.
2. Each cell is formed by division from an already existing parent cell.

28
Q

What is the cell considered in terms of biological organization?

A

The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life and can be part of single or multicellular organisms.

29
Q

What is the significance of water in the chemical composition of a cell?

A

Water provides an environment for chemical reactions, acts as an excellent solvent, affects the activity of proteins and nucleic acids, has high heat capacity for temperature regulation, and influences physical and chemical processes in the cell.

30
Q

What organic substances are crucial for cell function?

A

The crucial organic substances for cell function include carbon, proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids, along with hormones and vitamins.

30
Q

What are the general properties of a cell?

A

The general properties of a cell include chemical composition, structure, metabolism and synthesis of substances, reproduction, and heredity.

31
Q

What are proteins, and what are their basic building blocks?

A

Proteins are macromolecules composed of amino acids, which are the basic building blocks linked by peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains.

32
Q

How do the properties of proteins depend on their structure?

A

The properties of proteins depend on the type, number, and order of amino acids in the polypeptide chain.

33
Q

How many essential amino acids are there, and what is their significance?

A

There are 20 essential amino acids, and their combinations create a wide variety of proteins with different properties.

34
Q

What are the four main functions of proteins in cells?

A

The main functions of proteins in cells are:

Building: They serve as building blocks for cell structures.
Catalytic: Enzymes that catalyze chemical reactions are proteins.
Regulatory: Most hormones are proteins, providing control over physiological processes.
Immunobiological: Proteins play a role in the immune system, such as antibodies that protect the organism.

35
Q

What are nucleic acids responsible for in cells?

A

Nucleic acids are responsible for cell organization and reproduction, as well as transmitting genetic information and traits from parents to offspring.

36
Q

What are the two main types of nucleic acids?

A

The two main types of nucleic acids are DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid).

37
Q

What are nucleic acids made up of?

A

Nucleic acids are macromolecules composed of nucleotides, which are their basic building blocks.

38
Q

What is the structure of RNA?

A

RNA is a single-stranded polynucleotide helix that connects to the DNA strand through hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases.

38
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

DNA is a double-stranded polynucleotide helix, with the two strands connected by hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases.

39
Q

What is the principle of complementarity in DNA?

A

The principle of complementarity in DNA states that nitrogenous bases pair specifically: adenine pairs with thymine, and cytosine pairs with guanine.

40
Q

How do nitrogenous bases pair in RNA?

A

The nitrogenous bases of RNA pair with those of DNA based on the principle of complementarity, with adenine pairing with uracil instead of thymine.

41
Q

What are the three divisions of carbohydrates?

A

Carbohydrates are divided into:

-Monosaccharides: Examples include glucose, fructose, deoxyribose, and ribose.
-Disaccharides: Examples include sucrose, maltose, and lactose.
-Polysaccharides: Examples include starch, cellulose, chitin, and glycogen.
What are lipids, and what are they composed of?
Lipids are esters of higher fatty acids and glycerol, and they are relatively stable, serving as a highly economical source of energy.

41
Q

What role do carbohydrates play in cells?

A

serving as a source of energy for metabolic processes and components of biologically active substances like hormones and enzymes.

41
Q
A
42
Q

What are lipids, and what are they composed of?

A

Lipids are esters of higher fatty acids and glycerol, and they are relatively stable, serving as a highly economical source of energy.

43
Q

What are some functions of fats in the body?

A

Functions of fats include:

Forming heat-resistant and mechanically resistant layers around vital organs.
Participating in the construction of biomembranes.
Influencing the intake and output of substances in and out of the cell.
Playing a role in regulatory processes, including being part of vitamins and hormones.
Providing protective functions, such as waxes protecting fruits from mechanical damage and drying.

biology (2 decks)

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