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Cells > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Are the building blocks basic units of all living things

A

Cells

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2
Q

Who discovered the cell

A

Robert hooke in 1600s

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3
Q

In what way did robert hooke discovered the cell

A

He was looking through a crude microscope and saw some cube like structures that reminded him of the long rows of monk’s room at the monastery

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4
Q

What are the anatomy of cell

A

Cells are not all the same
all cells share general structure

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5
Q

What are the three main regions of the cell

A

Nucleus
cytoplasm
Plasma membrane

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6
Q

Where does nucleus located

A

Near the center of the cell

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7
Q

Headquarter control center of the cell

A

Nucleus

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8
Q

-Contains general material dna
- shape confirms the shape of the cell
-a round or oval body that is surrounded by a nuclear envelope

A

Nucleus

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9
Q

What are the three regions of the nucleus

A

Nuclear membrane/envelope nucleolus
chromatin

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10
Q

Double membrane barrier of the nucleus

A

Nuclear envelope/ nuclear membrane

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11
Q

consists of a double phospholipid membrane

A

Nuclear envelope/ nuclear membrane

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12
Q

contain nuclear force that allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cell

A

Nuclear envelope/ nuclear membrane

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13
Q

Refers to one or more small dark staining essentially round bodies

A

Nucleoli (little nuclei)

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14
Q

A loose network of bumpy threads composed of dna and protein

A

Chromatin

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15
Q

scattered throughout the nucleus

A

Chromatin

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16
Q

chromatin condenses to form dense road like bodies called _____ when the cell divides

A

Chromosomes

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17
Q

condenses to form dense road like bodies called chromosomes when the cell divides

A

Chromatin

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18
Q

The blueprint that contains all the instructions needed for building the whole body

A

Dna deoxyribonucleic acid

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19
Q

Has the instructions for building proteins

A

Dna deoxyribonucleic acid

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20
Q

Absolutely necessary for cell production

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid dna

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21
Q

Fragile transparent barrier for cell contents

A

plasma membrane

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22
Q

forms the outer cell boundary

A

plasma membrane

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23
Q

composed of a lipid bilayer containing protein

A

plasma membrane

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24
Q

Polar heads of phospholipid molecules

A

Hydrophilic (water loving) heads

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25
Q

attracted to water

A

Hydrophilic (water loving) heads

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26
Q

lie on both the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane

A

Hydrophilic (water loving) heads

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27
Q

Nonpolar tales of phospholipid molecules

A

Hydrophobic (water hating) tails

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28
Q

avoid water

A

Hydrophobic (water hating) tails

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29
Q

line up in the center of the plasma membrane

A

Hydrophobic (water hating) tails

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30
Q

also contains proteins cholesterol and glycoproteins

A

Hydrophobic (water hating) tails

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31
Q

Responsible for specialized membrane functions:
-enzymes
- receptor for hormones or other chemical messengers
- transport as channels or cariers

A

Role of proteins

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32
Q

Are branced sugars attached to proteins that abut the extracellular space

A

Glycoproteins

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33
Q

Is the fuzzy sticky sugar rich area on the cell surface

A

Glycocalyx

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34
Q

Finger like projections that increase surface area for absorption

A

Microvilli

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35
Q

The larger its surface area the more material can move through the membrane per minute

A

Microvilli

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36
Q

tend to accelerate absorption

A

Microvilli

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37
Q

Are the closely associated areas of two cells whose membranes join together

A

Tight junctions

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38
Q

-forming a virtually impermeable barrier to fluid
-they hold the cells together

A

Tight junctions

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39
Q

A cell structure specialized for cell to cell adhesion

A

Desmosome (maculla adherens)

40
Q

Help to resist shearing forces and are found in simple and stratified squamous epithelium

A

Desmosome (macullacadherens)

41
Q

Cellular material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane

A

Cytoplasm

42
Q

What are the three major elements of cytoplasm

A

Cytosol
organelles
inclusions

43
Q

Fluids that suspends other elements

A

Cytosol

44
Q

the fluid in which the organelles of the cytoplasm are suspended

A

Cytosol

45
Q

also called the ground substance of the cell

A

Cytosol

46
Q

Metabolic machinery of the cell

A

Organelles

47
Q

Non functioning units

A

Inclusions

48
Q

Literally means little organs

A

Cytoplasmic organelles

49
Q

What are the eight cytoplasmic organelles

A

Mitochondria
ribosomes
endoplasmic reticulum
golgi apparatus
lysosomes
peroxisomes
cytoskeleton
centrioles

50
Q

Singular of mitochondria

A

Mitochondrion

51
Q

Tiny thread like or sausage shape organelles

A

mitochondria

52
Q

-usually they are rod shape
- in living things, they squirm lenten and change shape almost continuously

A

mitochondria

53
Q

In the mitochondria it Has shelf like protrusions called

A

Cristae (crests)

54
Q

Smooth and featureless

A

Outer membrane of the mitochondria

55
Q

Has shelf like protrusions called cristae

A

Inner membrane of the mitochondria

56
Q

Tiny bilobed dark stained bodies made up of proteins and one variety of rna

A

Ribosomes

57
Q

Where does ribosomes can be found

A

-floating freely in the cytoplasm ( cytosol )
-attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum

58
Q

they are protein builders synthesizers of the cell

A

Ribosomes

59
Q

They are like construction guys who connect one amino acid at a time and build long chains

A

Ribosomes

60
Q

Membranous system of tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

61
Q

Is continuous with the nuclear envelope forming a system of channels for the transport of cellular substance from one part of the cell to another

A

endoplasmic reticulum

62
Q

What are the two forms of endoplasmic reticulum

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum
smooth endoplasmic reticulum

63
Q

Studded with ribosomes

A

Rough er

64
Q

tubules of rough er provide an area for storage and transport of the proteins made on the ribosomes to another cell areas

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

65
Q

external phases synthesizes phospholipids and cholesterol

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

66
Q

It has no function in protein synthesis

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

67
Q

It is a site for steroid and lipid synthesis lipid metabolism and drug detoxification

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

68
Q

Is the packaging and transport system of cell

A

endoplasmic reticulum

69
Q

-Stocks of flattened socks with bulbous and associated small vesicles
-found close to nucleus

A

Golgi apparatus

70
Q

Size membranous socks containing powerful digestive enzymes

A

Lyzosomes

71
Q

Paired cylindrical bodies lie at the right angles to each other close to the nucleus

A

Centrioles

72
Q

-as part of the centrosome they direct the formation of the miotics spindle during cell division
- form the base of cilia and flagella

A

Centrioles

73
Q

Provide cellular support by forming an internal scafffoldings

A

Cytoskeleton

74
Q

Function also in intracellular transport

A

Cytoskeleton

75
Q

What are the three different types of cytoskeleton

A

Microfilament
intermediate filament
microtubules

76
Q

Ribbon or cord like elements

A

Microfilaments

77
Q

formed largely of actin a contractile protein does are important in cell mobility particularly in muscle cells

A

Microfilaments

78
Q

Proteinaceous cytoskeletal elements that acts as internal guy wires to resist mechanical forces acting on cells

A

Intermediate filament

79
Q

Slander tubules formed of proteins called tubulins

A

Microtubules

80
Q

they organize the cytoskeleton and form the spindle during cell division

A

Microtubules

81
Q

formed the internal structure of the centrioles and help determine cell shape

A

Microtubules

82
Q

-Not found in all cells
- used for movements

A

Cellular projections

83
Q

Moves materials across cell surface

A

Cilia

84
Q

Propels the cell

A

flagellum

85
Q

The division of the copy dna of the mother cell to 2 daughter cells

A

Mitosis

86
Q

What are the four stages of mitosis in order

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

87
Q

Not part of mitosis (no cell division occurs) inactive phase

A

Interface

88
Q

-Cell carries out normal metabolic activities and growth
- dna is in the form of chromatin -nuclear envelope and nuclei are intact and visible

A

Interphase

89
Q

What are the three distinct periods

A

G1: the centrioles begin replicating
S: dna is replicated
G2: final preparations for mitosis are completed and centrioles finish replicating

90
Q

-First part of cell division
-chromatin condenses forming bar like chromosomes

A

Prophase

91
Q

Chromo= ?, soma= body

A

Colored; body

92
Q

What is the name of the duplicated chromosomes consists of two identical threads held together at the centromere

A

Sister chromatids

93
Q

separated from one another and begin to move towards opposite sides of the cell directing the assembly of mitotic spindle made of microtubules between them as they move

A

The 2 centromeres

94
Q

The nuclear envelope breaks up allowing the spindle to interact with the chromosomes chromosomes have attached randomly to the spindle fibers by their centromeres

A

Late telophase

95
Q

Chromosomes cluster and become a lined at the ?

A

metaphase

96
Q

Small lysosomes like membranous sacs containing oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol hydrogen peroxide and harmful chemicals

A

Peroxisomes

Cells (1 decks)

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