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General Biology > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Biology

A
  • Study of Life
  • Branch of Science
  • Human Endeavor
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2
Q

Characteristics of Living Organisms

A
  • Respond to their Environment
  • Grow and Change
  • Reproduce and Have Offspring
  • Have Complex Chemistry
  • Maintains Homeostasis
  • Built of Structures called Cells
  • Pass their Traits onto their Offspring
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3
Q

Relevance of Biology

A
  • Medical advances
  • Address the needs of the growing human population
  • Challenges of decreasing rate of biodiversity
  • Biotechnology advances
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4
Q

Biology Can be Controversial

A
  • Cloning
  • Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)
  • Contraception
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5
Q

Cloning

A

The process of producing a similar population of genetically identical individuals occurs in nature when organisms such as bacteria, insects, plants, or animals reproduce asexually

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6
Q

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)

A

Living organisms whose genetic materials have been artificially manipulated in a laboratory through genetic engineering

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7
Q

Contraception

A
  • Birth control
  • Prevents pregnancy by interfering with the normal process of ovulation, fertilization, and implantation
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8
Q

Cell Theory

A
  1. The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and functions in an organism
  2. All living creatures consist of one or more cells
  3. Cells arise from previously existing cells through cell division
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9
Q

Jakob Schleiden

A

All plants are made of cells

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10
Q

Theodor Schwann

A

All animals are made of cell

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11
Q

Rudolf Virchow

A

All cells come from pre-existing cells

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12
Q

Classical Interpretation of Cell Theory

A
  • All living organisms are made up of one or more cells
  • Cells are the basic unit of life
  • All cells arise from pre-existing cells (Omni cellula e cellula)
  • The cell is the unit structure of physiology, and organization in living things
  • The cell retains a dual existence as a distinct entity and a building block in the construction of organisms
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13
Q

Modern Interpretation of Cell Theory

A
  • The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living things
  • All cells came from pre-existing cells by division
  • Energy flow occurs within cells
  • Cells contain hereditary information that is passed from cell to cell during cell division
  • All cells are the same in chemical composition in organisms of similar species
  • All known living things are made up of one or more cells
  • Some organisms are made up of only one cell and are known as unicellular organisms
  • Some organisms are made up of multiple cells and are known as multicellular organisms
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14
Q

Robert Hooke

A
  • An English experimental scientist
  • Father of Cytology
  • Observed the walls of plant cells (Cork)
  • Saw box-like cavities which he describes as cells (cellulae)
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15
Q

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

A
  • Father of microbiology
  • Discovered bacteria and protozoans
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16
Q

Organelles

A

Specialized cell parts which have specific functions

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17
Q

Main Structure within the Cell Nucleus

A
  • Nucleolus
  • Chromatin
  • Nuclear Membrane
18
Q

Main Cytoplasmic Structures Present in Animals

A
  • Centrioles
  • Cytoskeleton
  • Lysosome
  • Mitochondria
  • Peroxisome
  • Golgi Apparatus/Complex
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Microtubules
  • Ribosome
  • Nucleus
  • Vacuole
19
Q

Sites Where Ribosomes are Found

A
  • Cytoplasm
  • Membrane of Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Nuclear Membrane
20
Q

Nucleus

A

The control center and the storage of genetic information in the cell

21
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Jelly-like fluid in which organelles are suspended

22
Q

Ribosomes

A

Synthesizes proteins

23
Q

Nucleolus

A
  • A dense region within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells where rRNA is synthesized
  • Plays a key role in the production of ribosomes for protein synthesis
24
Q

Chromatin

A
  • Condenses to form chromosome/condensed DNA
  • Plays a crucial role in regulating gene expression and DNA replication by controlling access to the DNA strands
25
Q

Nuclear Membrane

A

Encloses the nucleus

26
Q

Centrioles

A
  • Cylindrical structure
  • Produces spindle fibers
  • Assists in the formation of cilia and flagella
27
Q

Cytoskeleton

A
  • Collective term of microtubules
  • Provides rigid support and structure
28
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • Digestive system of the cell
  • Intracellular digestion
  • Breaks down waste materials
29
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • Powerhouse of the cell
  • Responsible for generating energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration
  • Plays a role in cellular metabolism, signaling, and apoptosis (programmed cell death)
  • Where cellular respiration ends
30
Q

Peroxisomes

A
  • Garbage collector
  • Performs oxidation
  • Play a crucial role in lipid metabolism and the protection of cells from oxidative damage.
31
Q

Golgi Apparatus/Complex

A
  • Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport to various destinations within or outside the cell
32
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • Rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
  • Lipid and protein synthesis
  • Transport of protein and lipids
33
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • Has ribosomes on its surface
  • Involved in protein synthesis
34
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • Has no ribosome on its surface
  • Involved in lipid synthesis
35
Q

Microtubules

A
  • Aids in cell division
  • Supports the cell’s shape
  • Provides structural support to the cell
36
Q

Vacuole

A
  • Sac-like structures
  • Storage of water
37
Q

Ribosome

A
  • Non-membrane-bound structures
  • Protein factory (protein synthesis)
  • Found in cytoplasm, nuclear membrane, and RER
38
Q

Two Types of Cell

A
  • Eukaryotic Cells
  • Prokaryotic Cells
39
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A
  • Membrane-bound organelles
  • Undergoes mitosis/meiosis
40
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A
  • Does not contain a nucleus
  • Organelles are not membrane-bound
  • Bacterias and Archea
41
Q
A
42
Q
A

General Biology (1 decks)

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