cells

Question 1

binary fission 3 marks

Answer 1

1. Replication of circular DNA
2. Replication of plasmids.
3. Division of cytoplasm and memb to produce daughter cells.

Question 2

light microsope
how it works
3d or c
magnification
resolution

Answer 2

light is condensed-living or dead
2d
1500x magnification
200nm resolution

Question 3

Transmission electron microsope
how it works- sample
3d or c
magnification
resolution

Answer 3

beam of electrons condesed- thin thick alive doesnt matter
2d
200,000 mag
20nm

Question 4

scanning electron microsope
how it works
3d or c
magnification
resolution

Answer 4

beam of electrons condesed- thin dead in vaccum
3d
2 million
2nm

Question 5

what protien osmosis,simple and passive diffusion, active transport

Answer 5

osmosis- channel
simple diff- carrier or channel
facciliated diff- both
active transport- carrier

Question 6

mitosis

Answer 6

1- interphase signal to replicate not yet visibile chromo to chromotids
2- prophase begin to condense
3-meta- lineup and spindles grow and attach to centromere
4-ana- chromotids are seperated
5-telo- new memebrane forms around chromosomes and interor divides
6-cyto- seperation into 2 diploids

Question 7

EQUATIONS
1- mitoctic index
2- time of each stage

Answer 7

1-
cells in mitoisis/total cells times 100
2-
no of cells in stage/total cells times length of cycle

Question 8

hiv replication

Answer 8

1- entry of lipid envelope by attaching to cd4 on t helper cell and lipid envelope fuses to cd4
2- rna to dna by rna transcriptase a
3- viral dna enters host cell nucleus and dna incoroprates
4- cell will undergo protien sytheisis coding for a viral protien
5-viral particle exits the host cell by budding off a section of the lipid envelope- so t helper cell cant recognise

Question 9

elisa test- antigen at bottom

Answer 9

1- antigens are stick at the bottom of well and sample of paitent is added
2- antibodies from paitent should bind to the antigen
3- rinse to remove unbound antigbodies
4- add antibodie and enzyme complex
5- rinse- to remove enzymes that havent binded so the colour change is accurate- stength wise/if even present bc if it isnt present there will be np binding of enzymes
6- add substrate for enzyme and colour change should happen

Question 10

simple diffusion bi layer

Answer 10

small non polar(not charged)
lipid soluble

Question 11

faccilated diffusion bilayer

Answer 11

large
charged

Question 12

osmosis

Answer 12

soluble

Question 13

active transport

Answer 13

large
charged