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Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Which cells are eukaryotic?

A

Animal
Plants

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2
Q

Which cells are prokaryotic?

A

Bacteria

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3
Q

List the organelles in animal cell.
(5)

A
  • Cell Membrane
  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Ribosome
  • Mitochondria
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4
Q

List the organelles in a plant cell.
(8)

A
  • Nucleus
  • Cell Wall
  • Cell Membrane
  • Ribosomes
  • Vacuole
  • Chloroplasts
  • Mitochondria
  • Cytoplasm
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5
Q

List the organelles in a bacteria cell.
(7)

A
  • Cell Membrane
  • Cell Wall
  • Ribosomes
  • Cytoplasm
  • Single strand of DNA
  • Flagellum (not always present)
  • Plasmids
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6
Q

Function of Nucleus.

A

Contains genetic material

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7
Q

Function of the cell membrane.

A

Controls which substances go in and out of the cell.

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8
Q

Function of the cytoplasm.

A

A jelly like substance which is where most of the chemical reactions take place

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9
Q

Function of the mitochondria.

A

Provides the cell with energy and where aerobic respiration occurs.

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10
Q

Function of the ribosomes.

A

Site of protein synthesis.

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11
Q

Function of the cell wall.

A

Made of cellulose and provides support for the structure of the cell.

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12
Q

Function of the vacuole.

A

Contains the cell sap (sugar, water, salt)

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13
Q

Function of the chloroplasts.

A

Site for photosynthesis, and contains the chlorophyll for the photosynthesis

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14
Q

Function of the flagellum.

A

Propels the bacteria and allows movement.

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15
Q

Function of the plasmids.

A

Holds additional genetical information, such as antibiotic resistance.

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16
Q

What is the main difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotic has no nucleus and its genetic material is free in the cytoplasm.
Eukaryotic is a cell that has a nucleus.

Eukaryotic cells contain membrane bound organelles and a nucleus containing genetic information, whereas prokaryotic cells don’t.

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17
Q

Convert 270 μm to nm.

A

270000

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18
Q

Equation for magnification.

A

Magnification = image size/ object size

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19
Q

Magnification definition.

A

How many times larger the image is than the object.

20
Q

Light microscope and Electron microscope differences and similarities.

A

Light microscope:
-Smaller
-Easy to use
-Relatively cheap

  • Resolution is limited to 0.2 micro metres (low resolution)
    -Relies on light

Electron
-Relies on electrons
-Resolution is limited to 0.1 nano meter (higher resolution)

-Expensive
-Hard to use
-Really big

21
Q

On a scale of largest to smallest, list the main measurements from km to nm.

A

Km
M
Mm
Um (micro)
Nm

22
Q

Do you times or divide when making a unit smaller?
E.g m to mm

A

Times
1m = 1000mm

23
Q

Explain the process of mitosis.

A

Interphase:
-Cell growth
-Chromosomes become fatter and can be seen (grow)
-Chromosomes are duplicated (grow arms)
-Mitochondria and ribosomes are doubled (sub-cellular/ organelles are duplicated.)

Telophase:
-chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Mitosis:
-two sets of chromosomes are pulled by cell fibres to opposite poles of the cell
-nucleus divides

Cytokinesis:
-cell membrane and cell splits

24
Q

When does Cell Division occur?

A

Growth
Development (of organism)
Repair (fix damaged cells)

25
Q

What is Mitosis used for?

A

Produce identical cells, to replace.

26
Q

What type of reproduction is Mitosis?

A

Asexual

27
Q

How many chromosomes are there after Mitosis?

A

46

28
Q

How many daughter cells are produced by Mitosis?

A

2

29
Q

How many cell divisions are there during Mitosis?

A

1

30
Q

Does Mitosis cause variation?

A

No

31
Q

Where does Mitosis occur?

A

Where new cells are needed

32
Q

Are the daughter cells of mitosis genetically identical or genetically different?

A

Genetically identical

33
Q

4 main phases of mitosis

A

Interphase
Telophase
Mitosis
Cytokinesis

34
Q

Adaptations of the sperm cell

A

-Head of sperm contains genetically material
-Acrosome in the head that contains enzymes, so the sperm can penetrate an egg
-Mid piece has high amounts of mitochondria to release energy to swim and fertilise the egg
-Flagellum (tail) allows the sperm to swim

35
Q

Adaptations of nerve cell.

A

-extended, so nerves can connect every part of the body to the central nervous system.
-extended branches, allow communication with other nerve cells, glands, and muscles
-nerve cell is covered in fatty sheath to insulate and increase speed of impulse

36
Q

Adaptations of muscle cells.

A

-Contain filaments of protein which slide over each other and causes contractions.
-Contain many well-developed mitochondria which provides energy for muscle contractions.
-Skeletal muscles’ cells merge so muscles fibres contract in unisons

37
Q

Adaptations of root hair cells.

A

-large surface area which allows an increased contact with soil water
-has thin cell walls to allow water movement in and out the cell.
-many mitochondria which helps active transport (movement of particles into the cell)

38
Q

Adaptations of xylem cells.

A

-hollow tubes (without a top/bottom walls) to allow a continuous flow of water
-dead cells (lignin) thicken their walls which provides support and strength

39
Q

Adaptations of phloem.

A

-companion cells provides energy to transport substances in the phloem (keeps phloem alive)
-sieve plates allow glucose to pass from cell to cell

40
Q

Adaptations of palisade cells.

A

-high amounts of chloroplasts to increase photosynthesis
-found near the top of the leaf so it can get as much sunlight as possible
-regular shape which allows the cells to be packed together for maximum efficiency (maximum sunlight)

41
Q

What is the reason for culturing microorganisms?

A

Used to investigate the effectiveness of antibiotics and disinfectants

42
Q

Conditions for microorganism (bacteria) growth.

A

-Temperature (fastest in warm conditions)
-Nutrient availability
-Moisture
-Oxygen (or lack thereof)

43
Q

Aseptic techniques examples.

A

-cleaning surfaces with disinfectant (ethanol)
-washing hands with antiseptic and water
-sterilising equipment, solutions, and mediums before use (using autoclave)
-creating sterile fields by using a Bunsen burner (creates a sterilised area by the updraft of the flam and convection currents)
-partial lift of lid (of Petri dish) to prevent air contamination. Hooding effect.

44
Q

Method of preparing an agar plate and creating a colony of bacteria

A

Glass Petri dishes and agar gel must be sterilised before use in an autoclave,
Reason – this will kill any bacteria that are present in the solution or on the Petri dishes.

Pour the sterile agar plates and allow to set fully.
Reason – this provides the selected bacterium with all the nutrients needed to grow.

Sterilise the inoculating loop, by heating it in the Bunsen burner flame.
Reason - kills any bacteria that are present on the loop.
Dip the inoculation loop into the microorganism solution and make streaks on the surface of the agar plate.
Reason – this allows the bacteria to spread out and to grow in individual colonies on the agar plate. A lawn of bacteria can be produced by using a sterile spreader to evenly spread the bacteria across the whole of the plate.

Replace the lid as soon as possible, secure with tape. Label and invert the plate, and store upside down.
Reason -this stops additional unwanted bacteria in the air contaminating the plate. Do not fully seal the lid, as this will stop oxygen reaching the bacterium, and this may encourage harmful
anaerobic bacteria to grow. Labels are important, as this identifies the growing bacterium.

Incubate at a maximum temperature of 25°C
Reason – this reduces the chance of growing harmful pathogens.

45
Q

Method of showing effectiveness of different antibiotics or disinfectants

A

Soak filter paper disks in a variety of solutions, use either different concentrations of the same solution, or a variety of different solutions.
Reason – this will kill any bacteria that are present in the solution or on the petri dishes.

Pour the sterile agar plates and allow to set fully.
Reason – the effectiveness of the solutions at killing the bacteria can be tested.

Measure the zone of inhibition around the soaked filter paper disks. A control disk must be also included.
Reason - size of zone indicates the effect of the substance tested on the growth of the specific bacterium.

Control disk can be a water disk.

46
Q

Give examples of stem cells
(2)

A

-embryonic stem cells
-bone marrow (adult stem cells)

Biology (3 decks)

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