Cells Flashcards
When is an enzyme most active
at its optimum condition
The energy released from the breakdown of glucose is used to generate what
ATP
How can genetic information be transferred
by genetic engineering
What is the function of the ribosome
site of photo synthesis
What is the structure of DNA
double-stranded helix (held by complementary base pairs)
What happens to animal cells as a result of osmosis
they can burst of shrink
What is the function of the cell membrane
controls entry and exit of substances
What is osmosis
the movement of water molecules from a HWC to a LWC through a selectively permeable membrane
Is the cell membrane selectively permable
yes
What is the function of the nucleus
contains cell activity, genetic information and DNA
What does the base sequence determine
the amino acid sequence in proteins
What is diffusion
the movement of molecules down a concentration gradient from a higher to a lower concentration
What does the cell membrane consist of
phospholipids and proteins
What are the functions of proteins
Structural, enzymes, hormones, antibodies and receptors
What does active transport require
energy
How are the bases paired
AT CG
What is the function of the cytoplasm
site of chemical reactions
What is the function of the chloroplast
provides energy through photosynthesis
What is the plasmid
a ring of DNA
What is the function of the vacuole
contains ‘cell sap’ and provides water balance
What is the function of the mitochondria
site of aerobic respiration
How can enzymes be affected
by temperature and pH
What is the function of the cell wall
gives the cell a rigid structure
What do enzymes do
speed up cellular reactions
What happens to plant cells as a result of osmosis
they can become turgid or plasmolysed
What is a gene
a section of DNA that codes for a protein
Where does passive transport occur
the plasma membrane
What is glucose broken down into
pyruvate
What are the four bases of DNA
Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine
What is messenger RNA (mRNA)
carries a complementary copy of a gene from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm
What are the stages of genetic engineering
- extract chromosome (gene)
- gene cut out
- plasmid extracted
- plasmid cut open
- gene inserted into plasmid
- plasmid inserted into host cell
- product duplicates
What is the process of aerobic respiration (?+? = ?+?+?)
Glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + energy
Where does respiration begin
cytoplasm
