cells Flashcards
Active transport
the movement of particles against the concentration gradient, from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration using energy.
Aerobic Respiration
Respiration with oxygen for the complete breakdown of glucose into carbon dioxide and water; energy is released in the form of ATP and heat.
Anaerobic Respiration
respiration without oxygen for the complete breakdown of glucose into ATP and lactic acid
ATP
ATP is a form of chemical energy and is the main source of energy for organisms
Cristae
The folded inner membrane in a mitochondria, increases surface area to increase ATP production. The cristae is the site of the electron transfer chain.
Concentration gradient
The measure of how high concentration is, The higher the concentration gradient, the faster the rate of diffusion.
Diffusion
Diffusion is the random movement of particles (gas or liquid) from an area of high concentration to and area of low concentration.
Electron Transfer Chain
the third chemical pathway, occurs in the cristae of the mitochondria. The third stage of aerobic respiration produces the most ATP.
Enzymes
Enzymes are proteins which are made of amino acids which are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions. Enzymes have active sites which is the area where the substrate molecule fits into an enzyme.
Facilitated Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion is when substances move across membranes by diffusion, but faster than is possible from their concentration gradient alone.This is due to carrier or transport proteins that are embedded in the membrane that creates channels for substances to pass through more quickly
Glycolysis
the first chemical pathway, occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell and is the only step in anaerobic respiration. Each glucose molecule is broken down into two ATP molecules.
Krebs cycle
the second chemical pathway, occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria. Hydrogen atoms are produced and carbon dioxide atoms are a waste product and diffuses out of the mitochondria.
Light dependent pathway
first chemical pathway and occurs in the thylakoid membranes. Water is split into hydrogen and oxygen.
Light independent pathway
second chemical pathway occurs in the stroma (liquid matrix of the chloroplast. Glucose is formed as a final product.
matrix
fluid inside the inner membrane of the mitochondria and contains enzymes that help in the Krebs cycles reactions.
mitochondria
the mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell. It is the site of aerobic respiration, where oxygen is used to completely break down glucose into ATP, water, and carbon dioxide. The mitochondria has its own DNA which is passed down through maternal lines.
mitosis
process of which a parent cell divides to create two new identical daughter cells exactly the same as the parent cell. Used for growth and repair.
Osmosis
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. The water molecules move across a semi-permeable membrane.
Photosynthesis
The process of creating carbon dioxide and water from glucose, oxygen, and sunlight.
semi-permeable membrane
a membrane that only allows some molecules through
passive transport
the transportation of molecules with the concentration gradient, from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
osmoregulation
the maintenance of correct water levels inside a cell/organism.
grana
a stack of thylakoids where light is trapped and used to split the water molecule into oxygen and hydrogen
chloroplast
the structure found in plants which is the site where photosynthesis occurs.
chlorophyll
the green pigmentation in plants needed for photosynthesis
stroma
the space inside chloroplasts
respiration
the process by which living cells break down large molecules to release energy in the form of ATP
DNA replication
when chromosomes are copied to give the same genetic code to every new cell that is made. It is the base pairing mechanism that allows DNA to replicate.
