Cells Flashcards
What are enzymes made out of?
Proteins
What region of an enzyme determines which substrates it can act on?
The active site
When the active site is altered, the enzyme is…
Denatured
What is the collective term for the processes in a cell?
Metabolism
What is the term for an “empty space” in a cell?
A vacuole.
What organelle converts pyruvate to ATP with oxygen?
The mitochondria (the powerhouse of the cell)
Animal cells have cell (1)_______, while plant cells have cell (2)____.
(1) membranes
(2) walls
Enzymes are comparable to catalysts, as both…
lower the activation energy of a certain reaction.
What organelle produces ribosomes?
the nucleolus
What are vacuoles useful for?
1: storing resources like water
2: Decreasing the SA/V ratio
3: Making transport distance more favourable
What does the Endoplasmic Reticulum do?
It transports proteins from the ribosomes on them, and sends them in vesicles to the Golgi body (where they will be “customised”)
The conditions where enzymes function at their max is call the…
Optimum
What are the parts of the cell membrane?
There is the phospholipid bilayer (which can let through, small, uncharged particles passively, and there are protein gates (or “pumps”) that can transport charged large particles actively.
What is passive transport?
Transport that goes with the concentration gradient, and requires no energy to carry out.
What is active transport?
Transport that goes against the concentration gradient, and requires energy to carry out.
What is osmosis?
The diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane.
If a cell hypotonic to the solution it is in, water will rush in and the cell will become…
Turgid
If a cell is hypertonic to the solution it is in, water will rush out and the cell will become…
Flaccid
What are three factors that affect transport speed?
1: Concentration gradient
2: Protein channels
3: Distances involved
What are the four phases of mitosis?
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells. What are some reasons that mitosis is carried out?
To preserve a favourable SA:V ratio for efficient transport of materials and waste products.
To facilitate overall organism growth
For cell repair (if one cell is damaged, it must be replaced).
What is the basic reaction for the light-dependent phase of photosynthesis?
(chlorophyll)
Water —-> Hydrogen ions + oxygen
(sunlight)
(also produces enough ATP for next stage)
What is the basic reaction for the light-independent phase of photosynthesis?
Hydrogen ions + CO2 + ATP ——> Glucose
Where does the light-dependent phase of photosynthesis take place?
On the thalykoid membrane in the chloroplast
Where does the light-independent phase of photosynthesis take place?
In the stroma in the chloroplast
What is respiration?
The conversion of glucose into a usable form of chemical energy (in this case, ATP).
What is the basic equation for glycolysis, and where does it take place?
glucose —> pyruvate (+2 ATP)
In the cytoplasm
What is the basic equation for Kreb’s Cycle, and where does it take place?
Pyruvate —–> CO2 + hydrogen ions (+2 ATP)
(enzymes)
Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria
What is the basic equation for Electron Transport System, and where does it take place?
Oxygen + hydrogen + ——> H2O (+34 ATP)
(enzymes)
Takes place on the cristae (folds in mitochondria’s inner membrane)
What is the basic equation for fermentation, and where does it take place?
(enzymes)
Pyruvate ——> waste produce (+enough ATP to carry out Glycolysis again)
