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CELLS Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

It is present in the strings form of DNA, in which contains hereditary information and instructions of cell growth, development and reproduction

A

Chromosomes

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2
Q

When a cell is resting and not dividing, the chromosomes are organized into long entangled structure or protein molecule. It is also classified as the hetero and euchromatin.

A

Chromatin

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3
Q

It is the former type of chromatin that is a highly condensed, transcriptionally inactive form, mostly present adjacent to the nuclear membrane.

A

Heterochromatin

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4
Q

It is a type of chromatin that is delicate, less condensed, which is found abundantly in a transcribing cell.

A

Euchromatin

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5
Q

Organisms are composed of cells, and these cells have specific structures within in them that allow them to carry out their functions. These structure are called?

A

Organelles

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6
Q

The fine detail of the cell (which may be revealed by an electron microscope)

A

cell’s ultrastructure.

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7
Q

Organelles perform different functions within a cell, and this is called the

A

Division of Labour

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8
Q

largest organelle in a cell. It contains a dense structure called the Nucleolus and is surrounded by the Nuclear Envelope. It contains nearly all of the cell’s genetic material

A

Nucleus

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9
Q

a structure composed of two membranes, separated by fluid, which contain a number of nuclear pores that can allow relatively large molecules through

A

Nuclear Envelope

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10
Q

creates Ribonucleic Acid and Ribosomes, which then travel out of the nucleus, through the nuclear pores, to the cytoplasm where they are involved in Protein Synthesis.

A

Nucleolus

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11
Q

It is found near the nucleus and made up of number of flattened sacs

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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12
Q

Number of flattened sacs in endoplasmic reticulum is called?

A

Cisternae

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13
Q

has a lot of Ribosomes on its outer surface.

A

Rough Endoplasmic reticulum

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14
Q

Does not have ribosomes but synthesizes lipids

A

Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum

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15
Q

stack of membrane bound flattened sacs, and are responsible for the modification of proteins received from the ER.

A

Golgi apparatus

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16
Q

membrane bound spherical sacs which contain digestive enzymes used to break down materials, such as non-self microorganisms

A

Lysosomes

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17
Q

Non-self microorganisms

A

Phagocytes

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18
Q

round double membrane bound organelles responsible for Aerobic Respiration.

A

Mitochondria

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19
Q

The inner membrane of mitochondria is folded inside to form?

A

Cristae

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20
Q

The cristae is folded into the central part of the mitochondrion called

A

Matrix

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21
Q

During the Aerobic Respiration, (blank) is produced in Mitochondrion

A

ATP

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22
Q

Found only in plants and some protists and that is responsible for Photosynthesis. Contain two fluid separated membranes and the inner membrane is folded into a network of flattened sacs called thylakoids that are stacked in grana

A

Chloroplast

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23
Q

contain Chlorophyll in which the process of Photosynthesis occurs.

A

Thylakoids

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24
Q

membrane bound sacs that are used to store or transport substances around the cell

A

Vesicles

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25
Q

essentially larger Vesicles, and they are formed by the joining together of many Vesicles. They are membrane bound organelles that have no specific shape and contain water with a number of different compounds within it. In plant cells they are important in maintaining Turgor Pressure.

A

Vacuoles

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26
Q

are small spherical organelles, composed of two subunits, which can be found on the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (and also in the cytoplasm and in mitochondria, and other places).

A

Non Membrane Bound Organelles Ribosomes

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27
Q

Located near the nucleus of animal cell in which contain two tiny particles called centrioles that consist of 9 group of microtubules and plays important role in flagella and cilia.

A

Centrosome

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28
Q

process where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells (cell division)

A

Mitosis

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29
Q

process where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells (cell division)

A

Mitosis

30
Q

The DNA in the cell is copied in preparation for cell division, this result in two identical full sets of chromosomes.

A

Interphase

31
Q

The chromosomes condense into X-shaped structures that can be easily seen under a microscope.

A

Prophase

32
Q

– The chromosomes line up neatly end-to-end along the center (equator) of the cell.

A

Metaphase

33
Q

The sister chromatids are then pulled apart by the mitotic spindle which pulls one chromatid to one pole and the other chromatid to the opposite pole.

A

Anaphase

34
Q

Full set of chromosomes that are gather together in which known to the process of cytokinesis

A

Telophase

35
Q

process where a single cell divides twice to produce four cells containing half the original amount of genetic information.

A

Meosis

36
Q

series of events that takes place in a cell as it grows and divides

A

Cell Cycle

37
Q

the stage where the cell is preparing to divide.

A

G1

38
Q

The stage where the cells copies all the DNA. Stands for DNA synthesis

A

S phase

39
Q

The stage where it organizes and condenses the genetic material, or starts to condense the genetic material, and prepares to divide.

A

G2

40
Q

This is where the cell actually partitions the two copies of the genetic material into the two daughter cells

A

M or Mitosis stage

41
Q

arehaploidcells, with only half the DNA present in thediploidparent cell.

A

Gametes

42
Q

the process of dividing the cell contents to make two new cells

A

Cytokinesis

43
Q

chromosomes in the nucleus that each consist of two connected copies is called

A

Sister chromatids

44
Q

patch of protein found on the centromere of each sister chromatid.

A

Kinetochore

45
Q

Before proceeding to anaphase, the cell will check to make sure that all the chromosomes are at the metaphase plate with their kinetochores correctly attached to microtubules. Helps ensure that the sister chromatids will split evenly between the two daughter cells when they separate in the next step.

A

Spindle checkpoint

46
Q

molecular machines that can “walk” along microtubule tracks and carry a cargo.

A

Motor proteins

47
Q

Mitosis is first described by

A

Walther Fleming 1882

48
Q

an alternative form of a gene (one member of a pair) that is located at a specific position on a specific chromosome.

A

Allele

49
Q

radial microtubule arrays found in animal cells that help to manipulate chromosomes during cell division.

A

Asters

50
Q

one of two identical copies of a replicated chromosome.

A

Chromatid

51
Q

a network of fibers throughout the cell’s cytoplasm that helps the cell maintain its shape and gives support to the cell.

A

Cytoskeleton

52
Q

is the primary constriction at the center to which the chromatids or spindle fibers are attached. Its function is to enable movement of the chromosome during the anaphase stage of cell division.

A

Centromere or Kinetochore

53
Q

chromosome divided into 2 identical half strands joined by a centromere

A

Chromatid

54
Q

complex of DNA and proteins that forms chromosomes within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

A

Chromatin

55
Q

terminal region of each side of the chromosome

A

Telomere

56
Q

controls the size of the chromosome and it acts as a site of gene bearing. Threadlike coiled filamentous structure along which chromomeres are arranged.

A

Chromonema

57
Q

These are arranged in a row along the length of chromonema. These are the bead-like structures present on threads or chromonema.

A

Chromomere

58
Q

membrane surrounding each of the chromosomes.

A

Pellicle

59
Q

jelly-like substance present inside pellicle

A

Matrix

60
Q

They suggested the role of chromosomes in heredity in 1902.

A

Sutton and Bover

61
Q

stage in mitosis where chromosomes begin moving to opposite ends (poles) of the cell.

A

Anaphase

62
Q

cylindrical structures that are composed of groupings of microtubules arranged in a 9 + 3 pattern.

A

Centrioles

63
Q

a region on a chromosome that joins two sister chromatids.

A

Centromere

64
Q

mass of genetic material composed of DNA and proteins that condense to form chromosomes during eukaryotic cell division.

A

Chromatin

65
Q

a cell resulting from the replication and division of a single parent cell.

A

Daughter cells

66
Q

a chromosome that results from the separation of sister chromatids during cell division.

A

Daughter chromosome

67
Q

microtubules that connect kinetochores to spindle polar fibers.

A

Kinetochore fibers

68
Q

fibrous, hollow rods that function primarily to help support and shape the cell.

A

Microtubules

69
Q

spindle fibers that extend from the two poles of a dividing cell

A

Polar fibers

70
Q

aggregates of microtubules that move chromosomes during cell division.

A

Spindle fibers

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