CELLS Flashcards
It is present in the strings form of DNA, in which contains hereditary information and instructions of cell growth, development and reproduction
Chromosomes
When a cell is resting and not dividing, the chromosomes are organized into long entangled structure or protein molecule. It is also classified as the hetero and euchromatin.
Chromatin
It is the former type of chromatin that is a highly condensed, transcriptionally inactive form, mostly present adjacent to the nuclear membrane.
Heterochromatin
It is a type of chromatin that is delicate, less condensed, which is found abundantly in a transcribing cell.
Euchromatin
Organisms are composed of cells, and these cells have specific structures within in them that allow them to carry out their functions. These structure are called?
Organelles
The fine detail of the cell (which may be revealed by an electron microscope)
cell’s ultrastructure.
Organelles perform different functions within a cell, and this is called the
Division of Labour
largest organelle in a cell. It contains a dense structure called the Nucleolus and is surrounded by the Nuclear Envelope. It contains nearly all of the cell’s genetic material
Nucleus
a structure composed of two membranes, separated by fluid, which contain a number of nuclear pores that can allow relatively large molecules through
Nuclear Envelope
creates Ribonucleic Acid and Ribosomes, which then travel out of the nucleus, through the nuclear pores, to the cytoplasm where they are involved in Protein Synthesis.
Nucleolus
It is found near the nucleus and made up of number of flattened sacs
Endoplasmic reticulum
Number of flattened sacs in endoplasmic reticulum is called?
Cisternae
has a lot of Ribosomes on its outer surface.
Rough Endoplasmic reticulum
Does not have ribosomes but synthesizes lipids
Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum
stack of membrane bound flattened sacs, and are responsible for the modification of proteins received from the ER.
Golgi apparatus
membrane bound spherical sacs which contain digestive enzymes used to break down materials, such as non-self microorganisms
Lysosomes
Non-self microorganisms
Phagocytes
round double membrane bound organelles responsible for Aerobic Respiration.
Mitochondria
The inner membrane of mitochondria is folded inside to form?
Cristae
The cristae is folded into the central part of the mitochondrion called
Matrix
During the Aerobic Respiration, (blank) is produced in Mitochondrion
ATP
Found only in plants and some protists and that is responsible for Photosynthesis. Contain two fluid separated membranes and the inner membrane is folded into a network of flattened sacs called thylakoids that are stacked in grana
Chloroplast
contain Chlorophyll in which the process of Photosynthesis occurs.
Thylakoids
membrane bound sacs that are used to store or transport substances around the cell
Vesicles
essentially larger Vesicles, and they are formed by the joining together of many Vesicles. They are membrane bound organelles that have no specific shape and contain water with a number of different compounds within it. In plant cells they are important in maintaining Turgor Pressure.
Vacuoles
are small spherical organelles, composed of two subunits, which can be found on the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (and also in the cytoplasm and in mitochondria, and other places).
Non Membrane Bound Organelles Ribosomes
Located near the nucleus of animal cell in which contain two tiny particles called centrioles that consist of 9 group of microtubules and plays important role in flagella and cilia.
Centrosome
process where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells (cell division)
Mitosis
process where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells (cell division)
Mitosis
The DNA in the cell is copied in preparation for cell division, this result in two identical full sets of chromosomes.
Interphase
The chromosomes condense into X-shaped structures that can be easily seen under a microscope.
Prophase
– The chromosomes line up neatly end-to-end along the center (equator) of the cell.
Metaphase
The sister chromatids are then pulled apart by the mitotic spindle which pulls one chromatid to one pole and the other chromatid to the opposite pole.
Anaphase
Full set of chromosomes that are gather together in which known to the process of cytokinesis
Telophase
process where a single cell divides twice to produce four cells containing half the original amount of genetic information.
Meosis
series of events that takes place in a cell as it grows and divides
Cell Cycle
the stage where the cell is preparing to divide.
G1
The stage where the cells copies all the DNA. Stands for DNA synthesis
S phase
The stage where it organizes and condenses the genetic material, or starts to condense the genetic material, and prepares to divide.
G2
This is where the cell actually partitions the two copies of the genetic material into the two daughter cells
M or Mitosis stage
arehaploidcells, with only half the DNA present in thediploidparent cell.
Gametes
the process of dividing the cell contents to make two new cells
Cytokinesis
chromosomes in the nucleus that each consist of two connected copies is called
Sister chromatids
patch of protein found on the centromere of each sister chromatid.
Kinetochore
Before proceeding to anaphase, the cell will check to make sure that all the chromosomes are at the metaphase plate with their kinetochores correctly attached to microtubules. Helps ensure that the sister chromatids will split evenly between the two daughter cells when they separate in the next step.
Spindle checkpoint
molecular machines that can “walk” along microtubule tracks and carry a cargo.
Motor proteins
Mitosis is first described by
Walther Fleming 1882
an alternative form of a gene (one member of a pair) that is located at a specific position on a specific chromosome.
Allele
radial microtubule arrays found in animal cells that help to manipulate chromosomes during cell division.
Asters
one of two identical copies of a replicated chromosome.
Chromatid
a network of fibers throughout the cell’s cytoplasm that helps the cell maintain its shape and gives support to the cell.
Cytoskeleton
is the primary constriction at the center to which the chromatids or spindle fibers are attached. Its function is to enable movement of the chromosome during the anaphase stage of cell division.
Centromere or Kinetochore
chromosome divided into 2 identical half strands joined by a centromere
Chromatid
complex of DNA and proteins that forms chromosomes within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
Chromatin
terminal region of each side of the chromosome
Telomere
controls the size of the chromosome and it acts as a site of gene bearing. Threadlike coiled filamentous structure along which chromomeres are arranged.
Chromonema
These are arranged in a row along the length of chromonema. These are the bead-like structures present on threads or chromonema.
Chromomere
membrane surrounding each of the chromosomes.
Pellicle
jelly-like substance present inside pellicle
Matrix
They suggested the role of chromosomes in heredity in 1902.
Sutton and Bover
stage in mitosis where chromosomes begin moving to opposite ends (poles) of the cell.
Anaphase
cylindrical structures that are composed of groupings of microtubules arranged in a 9 + 3 pattern.
Centrioles
a region on a chromosome that joins two sister chromatids.
Centromere
mass of genetic material composed of DNA and proteins that condense to form chromosomes during eukaryotic cell division.
Chromatin
a cell resulting from the replication and division of a single parent cell.
Daughter cells
a chromosome that results from the separation of sister chromatids during cell division.
Daughter chromosome
microtubules that connect kinetochores to spindle polar fibers.
Kinetochore fibers
fibrous, hollow rods that function primarily to help support and shape the cell.
Microtubules
spindle fibers that extend from the two poles of a dividing cell
Polar fibers
aggregates of microtubules that move chromosomes during cell division.
Spindle fibers
