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BIOL 201 > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What is a cell?

A

Smallest unit of life, made of organelles (made from molecules)

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2
Q

What are the 2 basis of cell theory?

A
  1. Cells are the basic structural and physiological units of all living organisms
  2. Every cell originates from another existing cell like it
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3
Q

T/F: cells cannot exceed the volume that can be nourished by materials passing through the surface membrane.

A

True

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4
Q

How do cells maintain homeostasis?

A

Uptake gasses, release waste products, uptake nutrients

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5
Q

What do all cells have in common? (4)

A
  1. Discrete units surrounded by a membrane
  2. Internal mass of cytoplasm (cytosol & ribosomes)
  3. Contain DNA
  4. Require energy
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6
Q

What are the two componants of the plasma membrane?

A

Phospholipids, proteins

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7
Q

Which is bigger? A eukaryotic or prokaryotic cell?

A

Eukaryotic

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8
Q

What are the plasma membrane functions? (5)

A
  1. Maintain structural integrity
  2. Selective permeability
  3. Recognition between cells
  4. Communication between cells
  5. Stick cells together to form tissues and organs
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9
Q

What are the componants of the nucleus? (3)

A
  1. Double membrane
  2. Nuclear pores
  3. Nuclear lamina
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10
Q

What are the functions of the nucleus?

A
  1. Has chromatin (site of DNA replication
  2. Site of transcription
  3. Ribosomes produced
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11
Q

What is the ER? (3)

A
  1. 1/2 total membrane in cell
  2. Continuous with nuclear envelope
  3. Network of membrane tubules and sacs (cisternae)
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12
Q

T/F: The ER makes up of 1/2 the total membrane in a prokarotic cell.

A

False, eukaryotic

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13
Q

What does the RER do?

A

The ribosomes make proteins and membrane.
Transports, secretes, and modifies those proteins

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14
Q

What are the two sites of protein synthesis?

A
  1. In the cytosol
  2. On the outside of the ER
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15
Q

T/F: Free ribosomes make proteins that stay inside the cell and ER ribosomes make proteins that are sent out of the cell

A

True

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of the SER?

A

No ribosomes, variety of metabolic processes

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17
Q

What are some of the metabolic processes of the SER?

A
  1. Synthesizes lipids, phospholipids, and steroids
  2. Metabolizes carbs
  3. Stores calcium
  4. Detoxifies poison
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18
Q

T/F: The SERs function will change depending on where the cell is located in the body.

A

True

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19
Q

What do the golgi apparatus do? (3)

A
  1. Recieve proteins
  2. Further modify proteins
  3. Concentrate, package, sort proteins
20
Q

What do the GA do in plants?

A

Make carbs for cell walls

21
Q

What are some characteristics of the GA (4)

A
  1. Cis and trans side
  2. Structurally similar to ER
  3. 5-20 cisternae
  4. Internal spaces not continuous like ER
22
Q

What are vesicles?

A

Hollow spherical organelles for transporting proteins

23
Q

What can all the membranes break off and merge with each other?

A

All are phospholipids

24
Q

What is a vacuole for?

A

Storage

25
Q

What are the types of vacuoles?

A

Food vacuoles, contractile vacuoles, central vacuoles.

26
Q

What are some vacuole examples?

A

Plant tonoplast, paramecium contractile vacuole

27
Q

T/F: vacuoles can give structure to plants?

A

True

28
Q

What is the pH of lysosomes and why?

A
  1. If it was closer to 7 it would break down our body.
29
Q

Where do primary lysosomes come from?

A

From the golgi complex

30
Q

Where to the secondary lysosomes come from?

A

The primary lysosome and a vesicle fusing

31
Q

How many enzymes do lysosomes have

A

40+

32
Q

What are the functions of the mitochondria?

A

Makes ATP
Cellular respiration
Convert food energy to ATP

33
Q

What are the infoldings of the mitochondria called?

A

Cristae

34
Q

What are the two mitochondria membranes?

A

outer and inner

35
Q

What is the interior to innner membrane called in the mitochondria?

A

matrix

36
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

member of familty called plastids, pigment found in cells

37
Q

what do chloroplasts do?

A

Make sugar instead of ATP

38
Q

T/F: mitochondria are found in plants too

A

true

39
Q

T/F: chlorophyll is the only pigment used for photosynthesis

A

false

40
Q

What is the interior to inner membrane called in the chloroplast?

A

Stroma

41
Q

What are thylakoids?

A

membrane of flattened sacks in the stroma

42
Q

What is each stack of a thylakoid called?

A

A granum

43
Q

What is the common function of mitochondria and chloroplasts?

A

Energy conversion

44
Q

What is endosymbiont theory

A

That mitochondria were originally bacteria until the cell absorbded them and found them useful.

45
Q

What are the 5 pieces of evidence for the endosymbiont theory?

A
  1. inner membranes with enzymes and transport system homologus to prokaryote.
  2. Replicate by a splitting process similar to prokaryotic binary fission
  3. Each organnell has a single, circular DNA molecule not associated with histone
  4. Contiain molecules to make proteins from their DNA
  5. ribosomes of mitochondria and plastids are similar to prokaryotic ribosomes
46
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A

Organelle that transfers hydrogens from substrate to oxygen (converts hydrogen peroxide to water and O2 )

47
Q

T/F: peroxisomes do not self replicate

A

false

BIOL 201 (2 decks)

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