Cells Flashcards
Active Transport
Movement of materials across membranes by using energy
Cell
The basic building block of every living thing - can have different functions eg skin cell vs liver cell
DNA Replication
The process of replicating every chromosome in the nucleus in preparation for mitosis aka making more cells
Double Helix
the spiral shape of DNA
Enzymes
Biological catalysts, which speed up the reaction inside of cells
Active Site
The “pocket” in the surface of an enzyme where the substrate binds
Substrate
The thing that binds to the enzyme’s active site and is converted into something else
Mitosis
The process of splitting one cell into two indentical cells (cloning)
Rate limiting factor
The reactant that is present in the smallest amount and therefore stops the rate of reaction from increasing beyond a certain point
Organelles
The “machinery” inside of cells which enables them to carry out their life processes
Cell membrane
A phospholipid bilayer that surrounds a cell and determines what can get in and out of a cell
Cell wall
A rigid structure that wraps around the outside of the cell membrane to give plants a rigid structure and structure
Chloroplasts
The organelle where photosythesis is carried out (only in plants)
Chlorophyll
A green pigment found in thylakoids that traps sunlight to provide the energy for photosynthesis
Grana
Stacks of thylakoids inside the stroma
Stroma
The liquid-filled space inside the inner membrane of chloroplasts
Thylakoids
Sacs covered in chlorophyll to trap light for photosynthesis
Cytoplasm
The jelly-like, nutrient-rich substance which fills up cells
Mitochondria
The organelle where aerobic respiration is carried out in the cell
Cristae
The wiggly inner membrane of mitochondria (wiggles increase the surface area to make the reactions go faster)
Matrix
The liquid - filled space inside the inner membrane of the mitochondria, contains enzymes to make respiration go faster
Nucleus
The “control centre” of the cell, containing the cell’s DNA
Passive transport
Movement of all materials across cell membranes without the use of energy/ATP
Diffusion
The PASSIVE movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, down its concentration gradient
Faciliated diffusion
Diffusion of large or larger charged molecules through channels inserted in the membranes of cells
Osmosis
The PASSIVE movement of water from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration through a semi-permeable membrane
Solute
A substance that is dissolved in water
Photosythesis
The process of using light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into glucose for the plant to use as fuel
Light - dependent phase of photosynthesis
The first stage of photosythesis (the splitting of water into hydrogen and oxygen)
Light - independent phase of photosynthesis
The second stage of photosythesis (the production of glucose from hydrogen and carbon dioxide)
Respiration
The process of reacting glucose with oxygen to produce ATP as energy for the cell, to enable it to be able to carry out its life processes
ATP
A form of energy that cells can use
Rate limiting factor
The reactant that is present in the smallest amount and therefore stops the rate of reaction from increasing beyond a certain point
Nucleotide
A group of a sugar, a phosphate and a base (A, C, T or G)
photosynthesis equation
carbon dioxide + water –> oxygen + glucose
aerobic respiration equation
glucose + oxygen –> water + CO2 + ATP
anaerobic respiration equation
glucose –> carbon dioxide + lactic acid OR alchol (depending on the cell)
