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Year 13 Synoptic prep > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the Ribsosomes

A

Site of Protein synthesis;

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2
Q

What is the function of the Nucleus

A
  • Contains genetic material / DNA;
  • Controls cell activity;
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3
Q

What is the function of the Mitochondria

A
  • Site of aerobic respiration;
  • ATP production;
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4
Q

What is the function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Site of lipid synthesis;

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5
Q

What is the function of the Rough Endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • Encrusted in Ribosomes;
  • Site of protein synthesis;
  • Transports and stores protein within the cell
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6
Q

What is the function of Golgi Body/Apparatus

A
  • Modifies/packages/sorts proteins;
  • Produces vesicles
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7
Q

What is the function of Lysosomes

A
  • Contains hydrolytic enzymes;
  • Digests worn out organelles/autolysis;
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8
Q

What is the function of Cell surface membrane

A
  • Made of a Phospholipid Bi-layer;
  • Controls what enters the cell/ is selectively permeable;
  • Can be folded to increase SA;
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9
Q

What is the function of Chloroplasts

A
  • Contain thylakoids, stacked into Granum;
  • Site of photosynthesis;
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10
Q

What is the function of Capsule

A
  • Protects cell from immune systems;
  • Aids bacteria sticking together;
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11
Q

What is the function of Plasmid

A
  • Circular DNA;
  • Contains antibiotic resistance genes;
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12
Q

What is the function of Cell Wall

A
  • Provides rigid shape / structure;
  • Stops osmotic lysis;
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13
Q

What is the function of Flagellum

A

Allows movement/propulsion;

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14
Q

Eukaryotic cells produce and release proteins. Outline the role of organelles in the production, transport and release of proteins from eukaryotic cells (6)

A
  1. DNA in nucleus is code (for protein);
  2. Ribosomes/rough endoplasmic reticulum produce (protein);
  3. Mitochondria produce ATP (for protein synthesis);
    4 Golgi apparatus package/modify; OR Carbohydrate added/glycoprotein produced by Golgi apparatus;
    5 Vesicles transport OR Rough endoplasmic reticulum transports;
  4. (Vesicles) fuse with cell(-surface) membrane;
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15
Q

Describe the differences between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells (7)

A

Comparisons
1. Nucleotide structure is identical;
2. Nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bond;
OR Deoxyribose joined to phosphate (in sugar, phosphate backbone);
3. DNA in mitochondria / chloroplasts same / similar (structure) to DNA in prokaryotes;
Contrasts
4. Eukaryotic DNA is longer;
5. Eukaryotic DNA contain introns, prokaryotic DNA does not;
6. Eukaryotic DNA is linear, prokaryotic DNA is circular;
7. Eukaryotic DNA is associated with / bound to protein / histones, prokaryotic DNA is not;

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16
Q

State three differences between DNA in the nucleus of a plant cell and DNA in a prokaryotic cell (5)

A

**Plant v prokaryote
**1. (Associated with) histones/proteins v no histones/proteins;
2. Linear v circular;
3. No plasmids v plasmids;
4. Introns v no introns;
5. Long(er) v short(er);

17
Q

The structure of a cholera bacterium is different from the structure of an epithelial cell from the small intestine. Describe how the structure of a cholera bacterium is different (7)

A
  1. Cholera bacterium is prokaryote;
  2. Does not have a nucleus/nuclear envelope/ has DNA free in cytoplasm/has loop of DNA
  3. No membrane-bound organelles/no mitochondria / no golgi/no endoplasmic reticulum (any 2 from)
  4. Small ribosomes only
  5. Capsule/flagellum/plasmid / cell wall (any 2 from)
18
Q

Give one advantage of using a TEM rather than a SEM.

A
  1. Higher resolution;
  2. higher (maximum) magnification / higher detail (of image);
    OR
  3. Allows internal details / structures within (cells) to be seen / cross section to be taken;
19
Q

Give one advantage of using a SEM rather than a TEM.

A

Thin sections do not need to be prepared / shows surface of specimen / can have 3-D images;

20
Q

Scientists use optical microscopes and transmission electron microscopes to investigate cell structure. Explain the advantages and limitations of using a TEM to investigate cell structure (7)

A

**Advantages:
**1. Small objects can be seen;
2. TEM has high resolution;
3. Electron wavelength is shorter;

**Limitations:
**4. Cannot look at living cells;
5. Must be in a vacuum;
6. Must cut section / thin specimen;
7. Preparation may create artefact;

21
Q

Scientists isolated mitochondria from liver cells. They broke the cells open in an ice-cold, buffered isotonic solution. Explain why the solution was:
a) Isotonic
b) Ice cold
c) buffered

A
  • a) Prevents osmosis / no (net) movement of water So organelle/named organelle does not burst/shrivel;
  • b) Reduce/prevent enzyme activity so organelles are not digested / damaged;
  • c) Maintain a constant pH so proteins do not denature;
22
Q

Describe and explain how cell fractionation and centrifugation can be used to isolate mitochondria from a suspension of animal cells (7)

A
  1. Cell homogenisation to break open cells and release organelles;
  2. Filter to remove (large) debris/whole cells;
  3. Use isotonic solution to prevent osmotic damage to mitochondria / organelles;
  4. Keep cold to prevent/reduce damage to organelles by enzyme;
  5. Use buffer to maintain pH and prevent protein/enzyme denaturation;
  6. Use differential Centrifuge (at high speed/1000 g) to separate nuclei / cell fragments / heavy organelles;
  7. Re-spin (supernatant / after nuclei/pellet removed) at higher speed to get mitochondria in pellet/at bottom;
  8. Observe pellet with a microscope to identify mitochondria;
23
Q

Describe the structure of a phospholipid molecule and explain how phospholipids are arranged in a plasma membrane (3 marks).

A
  1. Glycerol joined to two fatty acid tails Phosphate group joined to glycerol on opposite side. (joined by condensation reaction with ester bond).;
  2. Phospholipid has hydrophilic head (phosphate and glycerol) and hydrophobic tails (fatty acid chains)
  3. Arrange to form a phospholipid bilayer; (Hydrophilic head facing out. Hydrophobic fatty acid chains facing in)

Year 13 Synoptic prep (13 decks)

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