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Biology Y9 > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What are Cells

A

The building blocks of life, all living things are made out of cells

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2
Q

What are groups of cells called

A

Tissue

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3
Q

What are groups of tissue called

A

An organ

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4
Q

unicellular

A

organisms made up of only one cell

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5
Q

multi-cellular

A

organisms made up of multiple cell

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6
Q

what is the mnemonic for the seven life processes that are need for an organism to stay alive

A

MRS GREN

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7
Q

What does MRS GREN stand for

A

Movement - The organism can change its position
Respiration - The organism releases energy from a ‘food’ source, this requires oxygen
Sensitivity - The organism responds to things
Growth - The organism gets bigger
Reproduction - The organism makes copies of themselves
Excretion - The organism gets rid of waste material
Nutrition - The organism consumes chemical
material as food

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8
Q

Eukaryotic Cell

A

Can be both Unicellular and Multi-Cellular
A type of cell with a nucleus containing DNA and other membrane-bound organelles is called a eukaryotic cell
Size - 2-200μm
(e.g. Animal Cell, Plant Cell or Fungi Cell)

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9
Q

Prokaryotic Cell

A

Can only be Unicellular
Are much smaller than eukaryotic cells (Less than 2μm)
No membrane-bound organelles
Have a cell wall – but it isn’t made of cellulose like a plant cell wall (made of peptidoglycan)
Doesn’t have a nucleus
Can’t store genetic material in a nucleus (it is a single DNA loop)
May have one or more small rings of DNA called plasmids
(e.g. Bacteria Cells)

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10
Q

What sub-cellular structures (organelles) do animal cells contain

A 
a nucleus
cyctoplasm
a cell membrane
mitochondria
ribosomes
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11
Q

What sub-cellular structures (organelles) do plant cells contain

A 
a nucleus
cyctoplasm
a cell membrane
mitochondria
ribosomes
chloroplasts
a permanent vacuole filled with cell sap
cell wall
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12
Q

Function of Nucleus

A

Controls the activities of the cell

Contains DNA

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13
Q

Function of Cell Membrane

A

Controls what passes in & out of a cell

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14
Q

Function of Cell Membrane

A

Holds the cell together

Controls what passes in & out of a cell

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15
Q

Function of Ribosome

A

Site of protein synthesis (where proteins are made)

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16
Q

Function of Cell Wall

A

Gives the cell a rigid strong structure
Made of cellulose
Keeps shape of cell box-like

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17
Q

Function of Vacuole

A

Contains sap

Helps support the shape of the cell

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18
Q

Function of Chloroplast

A

Contains Chlorophyll (needed for photosynthesis) (green in colour)

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19
Q

Function of Vacuole

A

Contains Cell Sap

Helps support the shape of the cell

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20
Q

Function of Cell Sap

A

Stores materials such as sugars, amino acids, waste substances (such as tannins), and mineral salts

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21
Q

How to draw a diagram of an animal cell

A

Oval like structure for Cell Membrane
In centre of Oval is the One Nucleus which is a circle
Cytoplasm is around it
Ribosomes are dots scattered around
Mitochondria are fewer than Ribosomes and look like a baguette

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22
Q

How to draw a diagram of a plant cell

A

Rectangular box-like structure for Cell Membrane
A slightly bigger rectangle around Cell Membrane for Cell Wall
In centre of Box is the Vacuole which is big and covers most of the space - quite box like as well
Cytoplasm is around it
The One Nucleus is a circle in the cytoplasm area
Ribosomes are dots scattered around
Mitochondria are fewer than Ribosomes and look like a baguette
Chloroplasts are Ovals slightly bigger than Mitochondria but have no baguette design (sometimes green)

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23
Q

How big is an animal cell usually

A

1/100mm

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24
Q

How big is a plant cell usually

A

40 times as big as an animal cell

25
Q

What sub-cellular structures (organelles) do bacteria cells contain

A 
cytoplasm
cell membrane
cell wall
ribosomes
flagella
circular DNA
capsule
plasmid
Pili
26
Q

Function of Capsule (most bacteria)

A

Protection from damage
For sticking prokaryotic cells together
Slimy or Gelatine-like

27
Q

Function of Flagella/Flagellum (some bacteria)

A

Movement

A long protein strand that lashes about helping them to move

28
Q

Function of Pili (some bacteria)

A

For movement
For sticking to surfaces
(e.g. bacteria may stick to body cells to begin causing disease)

29
Q

Function of Plasmid (some bacteria)

A

Extra bits of circular DNA, genes in the plasmids can be for antibiotic resistance
Some produce toxins

30
Q

How to draw a diagram of a bacteria cell

A

Cell Membrane is a capsule / oval structure
Cell wall is a slightly bigger oval structure surrounding the Cell Membrane
Capsule is a slightly bigger oval structure surrounding the Cell Wall
Genetic material is free and not contained in a nucleus. The bacterial chromosome or long strand of DNA is usually circular. Draw it as a line in the middle of the oval weaving in and out of itself the connecting back up to the start in the end
Plasmids are also like this strand but are separate and are circular looking
Pili are strands coming out in all directions outwards from the capsule (look like legs of a centipede)
Ribosomes are dots scattered around
Flagella is a tail coming out from the shorter end of the bacteria cell usually the right hand side

31
Q

Similarities between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

A

A plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes for protein synthesis
DNA and RNA

32
Q

Why Prokaryotes are different from Eukaryotes

A

They have no nucleus
They have linear chromosomes
They have no membrane bound organelles
They have larger ribosomes
Their cell wall is made of peptidoglycan and not cellulose or chitin (fungi cells walls)
Have a less well developed cytoplasm with no centrioles (centrioles are involved in cell division which will be covered later)

(Some bacterial cells also have a slime/waxy capsule, plasmids, flagella and pili)

33
Q

Pre 1970 what system of classification was used

A

Five Kingdoms
Monera - Prokaryotes (Bacteria + Archaea)
Prostita - Anything else (e.g. Amoeba + Algae)
Plantae - Plants
Fungi - Fungi
Animalia - Animals
They were classified on observable traits

34
Q

What are Archaea

A

Small, single-celled organisms that live in extreme environments (extremophiles)
Size and structure of Archaea ribosomes are the same as bacteria BUT the nucleic acids in the ribosomes are more similar to Eukaryotes
Also Cell Wall didn’t contain peptidoglycan which Bacteria did but did have other materials in cell wall that bacteria did have (Proteins, Lipids, and Polysaccharides)
In 1977 Carl Woese decided if these organisms lived in these extreme environments, they must be something different

35
Q

Post 1970 what system of classification was used

A

Three Domains
Bacteria - all types of bacteria
Archaea - all types of archaea
Eukarya - all Eukaryotes including Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protists and more

36
Q

Structure of a Light Microscope (14 parts)

From top to bottom

A 
eyepiece lens 
body tube
arm
revolving nosepiece
low power objective lens
medium powered objective lens
high powered objective lens
stage clip
stage
diaphragm
fine focusing knob
coarse focusing knob
light source
base
37
Q

What is magnification

A

The ability of a lens or other optical instrument to magnify (enlarge) the size of something in an optical image.

38
Q

How is the magnified image produced

A

Two lenses, an eyepiece lens (fixed) and an objective lens (can choose).

39
Q

How do you find the total magnification

A

Magnification of Eye Piece Lens (fixed to x10) * Magnification of Objective Lens

40
Q

What is resolution

A

Ability of a microscope to distinguish two adjacent points as separate from one another.
Maximum resolution is the smallest distance between two points, at which they may be recognised as two separate entities.
The better the resolution, the better you are able to view and identify finer details.

41
Q

What is need in a Scientific Drawing

A

No shading. Areas that should be shaded should be labelled instead.

Clear, continuous lines

The drawing should take up at least half of the page.

Label lines must be completely horizontal, drawn with a ruler, exactly touch the object that they’re labelling and must not overlap each other.

Drawing lines should completely connect.

They should be drawn in a sharp pencil and look like the actual image.

Include a title

Include a scale if relevant

Also include total magnification if you are drawing a diagram of something under a microscope

Labels should be off the diagram
Include annotation - colour, function, adaption for example

42
Q

What are the two types of microscopes

A

Light Microscope

Electron Microscope

43
Q

Advantages of a Light Microscope

A 
Cheaper
Can see specimens in colour
Can use Living/Dead specimens
Mobile / Portable
Can see outside of the cells and nucleus
44
Q

Disadvantages of a Light Microscope

A

Lower Magnification than Electron Microscope (x2,000)

Lower Resolution than Electron Microscope (around 200nm)

45
Q

Advantages of an Electron Microscope

A

Higher Magnification than Light Microscope (up to x2,000,000)
Higher Resolution than Light Microscope (around 0.1nm)
No complex lighting system needed
Can see inside of the cell

46
Q

Disadvantages of an Electron Microscope

A 
Costs approx. £1M
Expert preparation
Affected by magnetic fields
Maintenance Cost
Dead Specimen only
Difficult to create sample
Fixed / Large
No colour (only B&W)
47
Q

What are the two types of electron microscope and how are they different

A

SEM - Scanning Electron Microscope - Scans surface of a sample
TEM - Transmission Electron Microscope - Electrons penetrate the sample

48
Q

Size of various objects

A

The smallest thing we can see is about 0.04mm
Most cells are so small so we used the unit micrometre (μm)
Viruses and organelles are even smaller – so we can use the unit nanometre (nm)

49
Q

Centimetre (cm) to Millimetre (mm)

A

x10

50
Q

Millimetre (mm) to Micrometre (µm)

A

x1,000

51
Q

Micrometre (µm) to Nanometre (nm)

A

x1,000

52
Q

How do you calculate Magnification

A

Size of Image / Size of Actual Object
Remember this as the I AM triangle
I is on the top while AM is on the bottom.
(This is like the Speed, Distance, Time Triangle or Density, Mass, Volume Triangle)

53
Q

What is Standard Form and why is it used

A

A * 10^n (1≤A<10) and (n has to be an integer)

Some numbers may be too big or too small to read or even understand. Writing numbers in standard form makes them easier to comprehend and compare. Also, a calculator may not be able to handle all the numbers in a very large calculation, but by using standard form it can handle numbers of any size.

54
Q

Standard Form Equivalent of a Millimetre (mm) in Metres (m)

A

10^-3

55
Q

Standard Form Equivalent of a Micrometre (µm) in Metres (m)

A

10^-6

56
Q

Standard Form Equivalent of a Nanometre (nm) in Metres (m)

A

10^-9

57
Q

What is Order of Magnitude

A

The difference in size in factors of 10
(e.g. if order of magnitude = 1, something is 10x bigger
If order of magnitude = 3, something is 1000x bigger (10x10x10)

58
Q

How to calculate Order of Magnitude

A 
Convert to same unit
Convert that to Standard Form
Subtract the smaller value from the bigger value
(e.g.
1µm = 0.000001 = 1x10^-6m
100nm = 0.0000001 = 1x10^-7m
Order of Magnitude = 1
(-6 - -7 = 1)

Biology Y9 (5 decks)

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