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secondary 3 biology > cells > Flashcards

cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

what does the protoplasm contain?

A
  • nucleus
  • cell surface membrane
  • cytoplasm
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2
Q

what are the parts of the cell in most cells?

A
  • cell surface membrane
  • cytoplasm
  • nucleus
  • chromatin
  • mitochondria
  • RER
  • SER
  • golgi apparatus
  • vacuole
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3
Q

what is the function of the cell surface membrane?

A
  • partially permeable which allows small molecules to pass through but not the big ones
  • regulates substances in and out of cell
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4
Q

what is the function of the cytoplasm?

A
  • most cell activity occurs
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5
Q

what is the function of the nucleus?

A
  • it contains chromatin
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6
Q

what is the function of chromatin?

A
  • threadlike structures that control cell activities like cell division
  • made up of DNA
  • chromatin threads condense into chromosome
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7
Q

what is the function of the mitochondria?

A
  • site where glucose is oxidised to relased energy during aerobic respiration
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8
Q

what is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?

A
  • transports proteins to G.A. for secretion out of cell

- ribosomes on surface

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9
Q

what is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

A
  • synthesises substances like fats and steriods

- involved in detoxification

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10
Q

what is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A
  • modifies substances made by ER

- stores and packages substances in vesicles for secretion out of cell

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11
Q

describe the process that happens in the golgi apparatus?

A
  1. vesicles containing substances made by the ER pinch off from the ER
  2. vesicles fuse with GA
  3. substances in the vesicles are released in GA and are modified
  4. secretory vesicles containing modified substances pinch off of GA and move to cell surface membrane
  5. secretory vesicles fuse with cell surface membrane and release content to exterior of cell
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12
Q

what are the differences between animal and plant cells?

A

animal one is small and numerous, contains food substances and water
plant one is large central vacuole, cell sap and store water, ion and waste

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13
Q

what are the parts of the cell found only in plant cells but not in animal cells ?

A
  • cell wall

- chloroplast

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14
Q

what is the function of the cell wall?

A
  • made of cellulose
  • fully permeable
  • protent cell from injury and holds its shape
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15
Q

what is the function of the chloroplast?

A
  • an organelle

- contains chlorophyll (pigment) required for photosynthesis

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16
Q

what can be seen under a light microscope?

A
  • cell wall
  • cell membrane
  • chlroplast
  • nucleus
  • cytoplasm
  • vacuole
17
Q

what can be seen under an electron microscope?

A
  • mitochondria
  • ribosomes
  • smooth ER
  • rough ER
  • GA
18
Q

explain the adaptations of the red blood cell?

A
  • circular biconcave shape which inc SA to volume ratio for faster diffusion of oxygen molecules in and out of cell
  • contains haemoglobin which binds to oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin and transports oxygen from lungs to the rest of the body
  • nucleus absent for more space to store more haemoglobin for transport more oxygen
19
Q

explain the adaptation of the root hair cell?

A
  • long narrow protrusion inc SA to vol ratio for faster absorption of water and dissolved mineral salts
  • large central vacuole inc conc. of salts and sugars in cell sap which lowers w.p. A steeper gradient set up for faster absorption of water
20
Q

explain the adaptations of the xylem vessel?

A
  • lignified cell wall to prevent vessel from collapsing and to provide mechanical support
  • narrow lumen, hollow long vessel with no cross walls or protoplasm, for faster transportation of water and mineral salts from roots to rest of the plant with no resistance to flow
21
Q

what is the organisation in the cell?

A

cell –> tissue –> organ –> organ system

22
Q

definition of cells?

A
  • specialised for a particular function
23
Q

definition of tissue?

A
  • a group of smilar cells which work together to perform a specific function
24
Q

definition of organ?

A
  • different tissues working together to carry out a specific function

secondary 3 biology (13 decks)

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