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[1] BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY AND CYTGOLOGY > CELL WALL, CELL MEMBRANE, CELLULAR APPENDAGES > Flashcards

CELL WALL, CELL MEMBRANE, CELLULAR APPENDAGES Flashcards

1
Q

• Rigid structure that surrounds the CM

A

CELL WALL

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2
Q

• Present in most bacteria

A

CELL WALL

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3
Q

• Composed of PEPTIDOGLYCAN

A

CELL WALL

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4
Q

o Exclusive to bacteria

o MUREIN

A

PEPTIDOGLYCAN

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5
Q

o Composition of PEPTIDOGLYCAN

A

 Carbohydrate backbone

 Peptide

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6
Q

 Carbohydrate backbone

A
  • N-acetylmuramic acid

* N-acetylglucosamine acid

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7
Q

• FOR CONFERING SHAPE TO THE CELL

A

CELL WALL

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8
Q

• PROTECTION FROM OSMOLYSIS

A

CELL WALL

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9
Q

• DETERMINE GRAM’S REACTION

A

CELL WALL

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10
Q

• SITE OF ANTIGENIC DETERMINATION

A

CELL WALL

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11
Q

• SITE OF ANTIBIOTIC FUNCTION

A

CELL WALL

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12
Q

digest peptidoglycan of the bacterial cell wall

A

antibiotics

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13
Q
  • Certain types of cells have no walls or have very little material
A

ATYPICAL CELL WALL

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14
Q

o Smallest bacteria
o Has STEROLS in their CM
o Have no CW

A
  • Mycoplasma species
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15
Q

o Wall-less normal cells

A

• L-FORMS

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16
Q

o Parent cell have cell walls but are affected by factors that cause digestion of cell wall

A

 Chemical

 Physical

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17
Q

o Types of L-forms

A

 PROTOPLAST (G+)

 SPHEROPLAST (G-)

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18
Q
  • Composed of a SINGLE LAYER of peptidoglycan
A

GRAM-NEGATIVE CELL WALL: OUTER MEMBRANE: LPS

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19
Q
  • Thinner (10 to 20%)

- 8 to 11 nm

A

GRAM-NEGATIVE CELL WALL: OUTER MEMBRANE: LPS

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20
Q
  • Lies outside the thin peptidog. layer
A

GRAM-NEGATIVE CELL WALL: OUTER MEMBRANE: LPS

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21
Q
  • Firmly linked to peptidg.
A

GRAM-NEGATIVE CELL WALL: OUTER MEMBRANE: LPS

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22
Q

GRAM-NEGATIVE CELL WALL is consists of:

A

o Lipopolysaccharides
o Lipoproteins
o Phospholipids

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23
Q

 Large complex molecule that contains lipids and carbs

A

o Lipopolysaccharides

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24
Q

o Lipopolysaccharides is  consists of 3 components

A
  • LIPID A
  • CORE POLYSACCHARIDE
  • OUTER POLYSACCHARIDE
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25
Q

GRAM-NEGATIVE CELL WALL is bonded to lipoprotein in the

A

OUTER MEMBRANE

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26
Q
  • Peptidoglycan of g- cell wall is founded in the
A

PERIPLASM

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27
Q

GRAM-NEGATIVE CELL WALL do not contain

A

TEICHOIC ACID

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28
Q
  • More susceptible to mechanical breakage
A

GRAM-NEGATIVE CELL WALL

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29
Q
  • Responsible for the symptoms associated with infections by gram (-) bacteria (Fever, dilation of blood vessels, shock, and blood clotting)
A

LIPID A

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30
Q
  • Lipid portion of the LPS
A

LIPID A

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31
Q
  • Embedded in the top layer of the outer membrane
A

LIPID A

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32
Q
  • Functions as endotoxin
A

LIPID A

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33
Q
  • Attached to lipid A
A

CORE POLYSACCHARIDE

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34
Q
  • Contains 5 sugars that vary from species to species but common in a group and phosphate
A

CORE POLYSACCHARIDE

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35
Q
  • Provide stability
A

CORE POLYSACCHARIDE

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36
Q
  • Extends outward from the core polysacch
A

OUTER POLYSACCHARIDE

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37
Q

acts as an antigen bacteria

A
  • O polysaccharides
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38
Q
  • Comparable to TA of g+ cell wall
A

outer polysaccharide

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39
Q
  • Comparable to lipotheicoic acid of g+ cell wall
A

Braun’s

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40
Q
  • MULTIPLE LAYERS of peptidoglycan (60-100%)

- 20 to 80 nanometers

A

GRAM POSITIVE CELL WALL

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41
Q
  • Made up of an alcohol and phosphate (Ribitol phosphate)
A

TEICHOIC ACID

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42
Q
  • 2 classes of TA
A

o Lipoteichoic Acid

o Wall Teichoic Acid

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43
Q

spans the peptidog. Layer and is linked in the PLASMA MEMBRANE

A

o Lipoteichoic Acid

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44
Q

linked to PEPTIDOGLYCAN LAYER

A

o Wall Teichoic Acid

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45
Q

o CM is dynamic or changing; Flowing CM

A

• FLUID MOSAIC MODEL

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46
Q

• For semipermeability

A

CELL MEMBRANE

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47
Q

o Regulate the passage of substances – OSMOSIS; o Protection from OSMOTIC LYSIS

A

semipermeability

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48
Q

influx of water into the bacterial cell wall

A

 Plasmoptysis

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49
Q

diffusion (efflux) of water from the bacterial cell

A

 Plasmolysis

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50
Q

• Location for specific transport system

A
  • Carrier mediated

- Specificity

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51
Q
  • Carrier mediated
A

PERMEASE

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52
Q

 Solute can move in and out of the cell in either direction

A

o Facilitated Diffusion

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53
Q

 From a region of higher to lower solute conc

A

o Facilitated Diffusion

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54
Q

 Least type of bacterial transport

A

o Facilitated Diffusion

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55
Q

 Lower to higher concentrations

A

o Active Transport

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56
Q

 Require energy expenditure

A

o Active Transport

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57
Q

 Much common in bacteria

A

o Active Transport

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58
Q

 Similar to active transport

A

o Group Translocation

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59
Q

 Carrier-mediated

A

o Group Translocation

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60
Q

 The solid is modified when it passes the CM

A

o Group Translocation

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61
Q

 Oxidative phosphorylation results in the production of adenosine triphosphate

A

o Energy Generation

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62
Q

o Used in biosynthesis

A

• LOCATION OF ENZYME SYSTEMS

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63
Q

o Important in absorptive food acquisition

A

• LOCATION OF ENZYME SYSTEMS

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64
Q

o Formation of the components of the cell wall

A

• LOCATION OF ENZYME SYSTEMS

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65
Q
  • Movement of bacterial cells in response to chemical stimulus
A

• CHEMOTAXIS

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66
Q
  • Some of the proteins act as sensing bodies of the environment
A

• CHEMOTAXIS

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67
Q

chemotaxis towards the chem stimulus

A

o Positive Chemotaxis

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68
Q

chemotaxis away from the chem stimulus

A

o Negative Chemotaxis

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69
Q

 Cytoplasmic invagination of the CM

A

o Mesosome

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70
Q

 Facilitates the separation of chromosome

A

o Mesosome

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71
Q

 Origin of the transverse septum

A

o Mesosome

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72
Q
  • gen term for substances that surround the cell
A

• GLYCOCALYX

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73
Q
  • viscous, gelatinous polymer
A

• GLYCOCALYX

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74
Q
  • network of polysacch/polypep extending to the surface of bacteria
A

CAPSULE

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75
Q
  • present in some bact
A

• GLYCOCALYX

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76
Q

ORGANIZED and FIRMLY attached to cell wall

A

CAPSULE

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77
Q

DISORGANIZED and LOOSELY attached to the cell wall

A

SLIME

78
Q

o Capsule can be determined by

A

NEGATIVE STAINING

79
Q

Capsule is made up of what polypeptide

A

GLUTAMIC ACID

80
Q

4 major functions of capsule

A
  1. Protection
  2. Attachment
  3. Antigenic determinant (K-antigen)
  4. Source of nutrition
81
Q
  • helps cells in a biofilm attach to their target envi to each other
  • protects the cells w/in biofilms
  • facilitates communication among them
A
  1. BIOFILMS
82
Q

EXTRACELULAR POLYMERIC SUBSTANCES - s. mutans

A

BIOFILMS

83
Q

due to its viscosity, it inhibits movement of nutrients out of the cell

A
  1. Protection againt dehydration
84
Q

THREAD-LIKE locomotor appendages

A

• FLAGELLUM

85
Q

slender, rigid structures

A

• FLAGELLUM

86
Q

20 nm across and 15 - 20nm long

A

• FLAGELLUM

87
Q

moves in rotational manner

A

• FLAGELLUM

88
Q

• FLAGELLUM is composed of protein called

A

FLAGELLIN

89
Q

confers motility or locomotion

A

• FLAGELLUM

90
Q

whip-lashing flagellum

A

Eukaryotic

91
Q

rotational flagellum

A

Prokaryotic

92
Q

3 FLAGELLAR ULTRASRUCTURE

A
  1. FILAMENT
  2. BASAL BODY
  3. HOOK
93
Q

FLAGELLAR ULTRASRUCTURE that extends from the cell surface to the tip

A

FILAMENT

94
Q

FLAGELLAR ULTRASRUCTURE that contains flagellin arranged in several chains that intertwine and form a helix around a hollow core

A

FILAMENT

95
Q

FLAGELLAR ULTRASRUCTURE that is not covered by a membrane or sheath in most bacteria

A

FILAMENT

96
Q

attached to a HOOK

A

FILAMENT

97
Q

FLAGELLAR ULTRASRUCTURE that is embedded in the cell and is made up of series of rings

A

BASAL BODY

98
Q

anchors the flagellum to the cell wall and plasma membrane

A

BASAL BODY

99
Q

composed of a small central rod inserted into a series of rings

A

BASAL BODY

100
Q

joins together the fiilament and the basal body

A

HOOK

101
Q

FUNCTIONS OF FLAGELLUM:

1. Locomotion

A
  • counter-clockwise

- clockwise

102
Q

FUNCTIONS OF FLAGELLUM:

  • “H” Antigen: derived from the term Hauch
A

Site of antigenic determinant

103
Q

o Flagella may be distributed over the entire cell

A
  1. Peritricous
104
Q

o Single flagellum at one pole

A
  1. Monotrichous
105
Q

o Tuft of flagella at one pole of the cell

A
  1. Lophotrichous
106
Q

o Flagella at both poles of the cell

A
  1. Amphitrichous
107
Q

LONGER THAN FIMBRAE

A

• PILI

108
Q

cell can have either one or two

A

• PILI

109
Q

motility

A

• PILI

110
Q

a pilus extends by addition of

A

pilin

111
Q

makes contact with a surface or another cell

A

• PILI

112
Q

retracts as the pilin units disassembled

A

• PILI

113
Q

“grappling hook model”

A

• PILI

114
Q

LOCOMOTION OF PILI

A

TWITCHNG MOTILITY

115
Q

type of pili that fx for attachment to surfaces

A
  1. Ordinary/common
116
Q

type of pili that plays a role in the pathogenecity

A
  1. Ordinary/common
117
Q

o Involved in the conjugation (transfer of gene) process

A
  1. Sex pili
118
Q

o Transfer mechanism for genes between bacterial cells

A
  1. Sex pili
119
Q

o Involved in the formation of biofilms

A

• FIMBREA

120
Q

o Adherence to epithelial surfaces

A

• FIMBREA

121
Q

o Facilitating colonization of the area

A

• FIMBREA

122
Q

incorporated in the membrane

A

• AXIAL FILAMENTS

123
Q

“endoflagellum”

A

• AXIAL FILAMENTS

124
Q

made up of bundles of fibers that arise from one end of the cell and spiral into the cell towards the other end of the cell

A

• AXIAL FILAMENTS

125
Q
  • beneath the outer sheath
A

• AXIAL FILAMENTS

126
Q

confers motility to spirchetes only

A

• AXIAL FILAMENTS

127
Q

rotation of the axial filaments produces a movement of the outer sheath that propels the spirochete in a

A

spiral motion

128
Q

locomotion of AXIAL FILAMENTS

A

cork-screw motility

129
Q

thick, aqueous, semi-transparent and elastic

A

BACTERIAL CYTOPLASM

130
Q

site for metabolism and growth

A

BACTERIAL CYTOPLASM

131
Q

BACTERIAL CYTOPLASM is consist of

A

CYTOSOL

132
Q

semifluid mass of proteins, amino acids, sugars, nucleotides, salts, vitamins and ions dissolved in water

A

CYTOSOL

133
Q

bacterial cytoplasm lacks these 2

A
  • CYTOSKELETON

- CYTOPLASMIC STREAMING

134
Q

spherical, elongated or dumbbell-shaped

A
  1. NUCLEIOD
135
Q

occupies < 20% of cell volume

A
  1. NUCLEIOD
136
Q

analogous to the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

A
  1. NUCLEIOD
137
Q

area of the chromosomal material

A
  1. NUCLEIOD
138
Q

single, long, continuous circular thread of DOUBLE-STRANDED DNA

A

NUCLEIOD of bacterial cell

139
Q

attached to the plasma membrane

A

NUCLEIOD of bacterial cell

140
Q

contains genetic info

A

NUCLEIOD of bacterial cell

141
Q

absence of proteins (histones) and nuclear envelope

A

NUCLEIOD of bacterial cell

142
Q

small circular double-stranded DNA

A
  1. PLASMIDS
143
Q

about 1/10 of the bacterial chromosome

A
  1. PLASMIDS
144
Q

extra chromosomal genetic elements

A
  1. PLASMIDS
145
Q

contains only 5 to 100 gene

A
  1. PLASMIDS
146
Q

not IMPORTANT for cell viability but advantage

A

PLASMID of bacterial cell

147
Q

can be transferred and used to transfer short genes to organisms

A

PLASMID of bacterial cell

148
Q

confers additional trait to the cell

A

PLASMID of bacterial cell

149
Q

Additional traits of plasmids to the cell

A
  • antibiotic resistance
  • tolerance to toxic substances
  • production of toxins
150
Q

EXAMPLES OF PLASMIDS

A
  1. F-FACTOR
  2. R-FACTOR
  3. BACTERIOCENOGENIC FACTOR
151
Q

• Ability to form sex pili

A

F-FACTOR

152
Q

• Resistance of bacterial cells for certain antibiotics

A

R-FACTOR

153
Q

BACTERIOCENOGENIC FACTOR produces

A

BACTERIOCIN

154
Q

• BACTERIOCENOGENIC FACTOR - Proteins produced can inhibit the growth of other bacteria

A

o COLICIN

o PYOCIN

155
Q

o COLICIN

o PYOCIN

A

o COLICIN: Escherichia coli

o PYOCIN: Pseudomonas aeruginosa

156
Q
  • state found in the cytoplasm
A
  1. FREE STATE
157
Q
  • state found incorporated with the bacterial chromosome
A
  1. INTEGRATED STATE
158
Q

made up of proteins (40%) and (60%)

A
  1. RIBOSOME
159
Q
  • for protein synthesis
A
  1. RIBOSOME
160
Q

gives the cytoplasm a granular appearance

A
  1. RIBOSOME
161
Q

common to prokaryotic cells

A
  1. RIBOSOME
162
Q

70 Svedberg units

	- 30S
	- 50S
A

(PROKARYOTIC)

163
Q

80 Svedberg units

  • 40S
  • 60S
A

(EUKARYOTIC)

164
Q

the relative rate of sedimentation during ultracentrifugation

A

Svedberg unit

165
Q

functions of ribosomes

A
  1. Site of protein synthesis
  2. Site of antibiotic action
  3. SELECTIVE TOXICITY
166
Q

several kinds of reserve deposits on the cytoplasm

A

INCLUSION

167
Q

“FOOD RESERVES”

A

INCLUSION

168
Q

avoid an increase in osmotic pressure w/in the cell

A

INCLUSION

169
Q

INCLUSION is made up of

A

CARBON and ENERGY RESERVES

170
Q

COMPOSITION of INCLUSION

A

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
 GLYCOGEN
 POLY-B-HYDROXYBUTYRATE

INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
 POLYPHOSPHATES
 METACHROMATIC GRANULES

171
Q

reddish brown and blue

A

 GLYCOGEN

172
Q

sudan red

A

 POLY-B-HYDROXYBUTYRATE

173
Q

• Stains red with methylene blue stain

A

 METACHROMATIC GRANULES

174
Q

• Match granules

A
  • Babes-Ernst granules

* “VOLUTIN” granules

175
Q

produced in response to harsh environmental conditions

A
  1. ENDOSPORES
176
Q

small, dormant (inactive), asexual spores

A
  1. ENDOSPORES
177
Q

process of endospore formation within the vegetative cells

A

 SPORULATION

178
Q

process of endospores turning back to their vegetative coat

A

 GERMINATION

179
Q

 GERMINATION is triggered by

A

damage to endospore coat

180
Q

1 ENDOSPORE =

A

1 BACTERIAL CELL

181
Q

o Endospore has resistance to:

A 
	Chemical agents
	Temperature changes
	Starvation
	Dehydration
	Radiation
	Desiccation
182
Q

 MECHANISMS OF PROTECTION BY ENDOSPORES

A

o THICK SPORE ENVELOPE
o DEHYDRATED STATE
o CALCIUM DIPICOLINATE

183
Q

thickest layer composed of modified peptidoglycan

A

 Spore cortex

184
Q

have keratin-like proteins that contributes to hydrophobic property

A

 Spore coat

185
Q

delicate membrane made up of lipids and carbohydrates

A

 Exosporium

186
Q

 Spore will only contain 15% water in the [?] making them less susceptible to heating

A

protoplasm

187
Q

WILL REQUIRE WATER

A

WILL REQUIRE WATER

188
Q

 Responsible to the heat resistance of endospore

A

o CALCIUM DIPICOLINATE

189
Q

 CLINICALLY SIGNIFICANT SPORE-FORMERS:

A

o Bacillus species

o Clostridium species

190
Q

 Central spore
 Subterminal spore
 Terminal spore

A

o Bacillus species

191
Q 
	Swollen sporangia
	Drumstick bacillus
	Tennis racket bacillus
	Tackhead bacillus
	Lollipop bacillus
A

o Clostridium species

192
Q

 TYPES OF SPORES:

A

o Central spore
o Subterminal spore
o Terminal spore with swollen sporangium

[1] BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY AND CYTGOLOGY (1 decks)

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