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Cell: Unit of Life Flashcards

1
Q

Define Cytology

A

Study of cell and cellular structure

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2
Q

What is the difference between unicellular and multicellular organisms?

A

Unicellular: Single-celled, Independent existence, can perform all the essential functions of life.
Multicellular: Component of many cells

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3
Q

Give an example of unicellular organisms

A

Bacteria or Amoeba

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4
Q

Give an example of multicellular organisms

A

Humans, buffalo, etc.

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5
Q

Who discovered the cell?

A

Robert Hooke

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6
Q

What type of cell did Robert Hooke discover?

A

He saw a cell wall of a dead cell and not the cell.

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7
Q

Did Robert Hooke observe a living cell?

A

No

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8
Q

Who first saw and described the living cell?

A

Anton von Leeuwenhoek

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9
Q

Who discovered the nucleus?

A

Robert Brown

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10
Q

Who were the three scientists who formulated the cell theory?

A

Matthias Schleiden, Theodore Schwann and Rudolf Virchow

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11
Q

Whats was the cell theory?

A
  1. All living organisms are composed of cells and their products
  2. Cell is the structural unit of life.
  3. New cells arise from preexisting cells.
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12
Q

Which statement described by Rudolf Virchow explained the formation of new cells?

A

Omnis cellula-e-cellula

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13
Q

Name the smallest cell

A

Mycoplasma

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14
Q

What are the features of mycoplasma?

A

Mycoplasma can survive without O2 and without a cell wall.

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15
Q

What is the largest cell?

A

Ostrich’s egg

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16
Q

Name the smallest cell in the Human body

A

RBC

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17
Q

Name the largest cell in the human body

A

Ovum

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18
Q

Name the longest cell in human body

A

Nerve cell

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19
Q

Difference between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell, INCLUDE EXAMPLES

A 
Prokaryotic Cell
1. Lacks membrane-bound nucleus.
2. Lack membrane-bound cell organelle
Eg: Cyanobacteria/BGA, Bacteria and Mycoplasma
Eukaryotic Cell
1. Have a membrane-bound nucleus.
Have a membrane-bound organelle
Eg: ER, Mitochondria, Golgi Bodies, Lysosomes.
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20
Q

Bacteria are of what types and what are their shapes?

A

Bacillus (Rod-shaped)
Coccus ( spherical shaped)
Vibrio (comma-shaped)
Spirillum (Spiral shaped)

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21
Q

What is the cell envelope made out of? list in order, first being the outer shell and last being the inner shell.

A
  1. Glycocalyx
  2. Cell Wall
  3. Plasma Membrane
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22
Q

What are the different ways glycocalyx can be around the cell?

A

Glycocalyx can be LOOSELY packed —> SLIME LAYER

Glycocalyx can be TIGHTLY packed —–> CAPSULE

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23
Q

What is a dense membrane-bound structure?

A

Nucleus

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24
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

they are genetic material (DNA) inside the nucleus

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25
Q

Which types of cells have membrane-bound nuclei?

A

Eukaryotic

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26
Q

A semi-fluid matrix occupying the volume of cell

A

Cytoplasm

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27
Q

Which types of cells lack membrane-bound nuclei?

A

Prokaryotic

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28
Q

Which organelle is non-membrane-bound and is in both prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic cells?

A

Ribosomes

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29
Q

Name all the non-membrane-bound organelles in animal cells.

A

Ribosomes and centrosome

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30
Q

Which organelle helps in cell division

A

centrosome

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31
Q

What is the length of Mycoplasma

A

0.3 micrometer (µm)

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32
Q

What are the different types of shapes of cells?

A

Disc-like, polygonal, columnar, cuboid, thread-like, or even irregular.

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33
Q

What is an example of mycoplasma?

A

PPLO

Pleuro Pneumonia like organism

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34
Q

What is the cell wall made of?

A

Peptidoglycan

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35
Q

What makes up the plasma membrane?

A

phospholipid and protiens

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36
Q

Some basic features of the prokaryotic cells…

A
  1. cytoplasm, cell organelles, and inclusion bodies

2. Naked genetic material, genomic DNA (single-stranded)

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37
Q

Describe the features in the cell wall of prokaryotic cells

A
  1. It determines the shape of the cell
  2. Provides strong structural support to the cell
  3. Prevents bacteria from collapsing or bursting
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38
Q

Describe the features in the plasma membrane

A
  1. semi-permeable membrane

2. structure similar to eukaryotes (phospholipids and proteins)

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39
Q

“Many bacteria have small circular DNA outside the genomic DNA. These smaller DNA are called _________”

A

Plasmid

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40
Q

“These Plasmids contain___________ characteristics to bacteria” give an example

A

Phenotypic

Eg: they give resistance to antibiotics to bacteria

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41
Q

What is the essential folding in the prokaryotic cells called?

A

Mesosomes

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42
Q

how are mesosomes formed?

A

They are formed by the extensions in the plasma membrane into the cell. They are formed in the form of vesicles, tubules, and lamella.

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43
Q

What are the functions of mesosomes?

A

Helps in

  1. cell wall formation
  2. DNA replication and distribution to daughter cells
  3. In respiration
  4. secretion
  5. Increase the surface area of the plasma membrane
  6. Increase in enzymatic content.
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44
Q

What are chromatophores?

A

They are membranous extensions in the cytoplasm

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45
Q

What do chromatophores have?

A

Chromatophores contain pigments

Eg: Cyanobacteria

46
Q

What is a flagellum?

A

They are filamentous extensions from the cell walls.

47
Q

Where are flagella present?

A

They are present in motile cells

48
Q

Name the parts in Flagella

A

Filament, Hook and basal body

49
Q

Bacteria which take up the gram stain are called _________

A

Gram-positive

50
Q

Bacteria which don’t take up the gram stain are called _________

A

Gram-negative

51
Q

Describe the structure of Pilli

A

Pilli is an elongated structure

52
Q

Describe the structure of fimbriae

A

Fimbriae are small bristle-like fibers

53
Q

What function did pilli and fimbriae perform?

A

Attachment of bacteria to rocks in streams and also to host tissues

54
Q

Ribosomes are associated with _________ of the cell

A

plasma membrane

55
Q

Ribosomes subunits in a prokaryotic cell are

A

50s and 30s

56
Q

Sit of protein synthesis in prokaryotic cell ______

57
Q

Explain the formation of polysome

A

Several ribosomes attach to mRNA and form polysome

58
Q

€what do the proteins of polysome do?

A

Ribosomes of a polysome translate the mRNA into protein

59
Q

What is the function of inclusion bodies in a prokaryotic cell?

A

For storage of reserver material in prokaryotic cells

60
Q

Explain the structure if inclusion bodies

A

inclusion bodies are not membrane-bound and lie free in the cytoplasm

61
Q

Give examples of inclusion bodies

A

Phosphate granules, cyanophycean granules, and glycogen granules

62
Q

In which organisms are gas vacuoles found

A

blue-green and purple and green photosynthetic bacteria

63
Q

State the characteristics of a eukaryotic cell

A
  1. presence of membrane-bound cell organelles
  2. organized nucleus with a nuclear membrane
  3. Genetic material is organized into chromosomes
64
Q

The cell membrane is mainly composed of ____ and ____

A

Phospholipid and protein

65
Q

Explain the structure of lipids

A

Lipids on top contain a hydrophilic polar head and a hydrophobic tail

66
Q

What does hydrophobic and hydrophilic mean

A

Hydrophobic means afraid of the water, while hydrophilic means the opposite

67
Q

How are lipids arranged within the membrane

A

The lipids are arranged within the membrane within the polar heads towards the outer sides and hydrophobic tails towards the inner part.

68
Q

Why were they arranged in such a manner?

A

So the hydrophobic tails are protected from the saturated environment

69
Q

What are all the components of the cell membrane

A

Protein, sugar, cholesterol, carbohydrates, and phospholipids

70
Q

What is the ratio of phospholipid and proteins in erythrocyte (RBC) in human beings

A

52% of protein

40% lipids

71
Q

who proposed the fluid mosaic model?

A

Singer and Nicolson

72
Q

What is the fluid nature of the Plasma membrane important for?

A

cell growth, intercellular junction, endocytosis, cell division, etc

73
Q

What is the most important function of the plasma membrane?

A

transportation

74
Q

Movement of water by diffusion is called ______________

75
Q

What are the different types of transportation which occur through the plasma membrane

A

Active and passive

76
Q

explain passive transport

A

Transportation occurs without the requirement of energy, like through simple diffusion. So the material goes from lower concentration to higher concentration

77
Q

Explain active transport

A

A few molecules are transported accross the membrane against the concentration gradient, i.e., from lower concentration to higher concentration. Such transport requires energy, so ATP is utilized. this is known as active transport.

78
Q

What does a cell wall do?

A

It gives shape to the cell
Protects the cell
Helps in cell to cell interaction

79
Q

What is the cell wall of plants made of?

A

Cellulose, protein, pectin

80
Q

What is the cell wall of fungi made of?

81
Q

What is the cell wall of algae made of?

A

Cellulose, galactan, mannan, CaCo3

82
Q

What are the layers of cell wall

A

Middle lamellae, Primary wall, secondary wall

83
Q

Explain middle lamellae?

A

Outermost
calcium pectate
holds the neighboring cells

84
Q

Explain the primary wall and its function?

A

present in young cell diminishes as the cell grows

capable of growth

85
Q

explain stuff about secondary wall

A

innermost
lignified (wall impermeable) and waxy
PRESENT IN DEAD CELLS

86
Q

Name double membrane-bound organelles

A

Mitochondria, Chloroplast/plastids

87
Q

Name non membrane bound organelles

A

Ribosomes and centrioles

88
Q

Name all the functions of mitochondria

A 
Site of aerobic respiration
energy formation = "powerhouse of the cell"
single circular DNA
few RNA molecules
Ribosomes (70s) = protein synthesis 
Semi autonomous organelle
Divides on its own
89
Q

Draw the diagram of mitochondria

A

https://www.shaalaa.com/images/_4:50ce067069134e4e853262ae93cf7f12.png

90
Q

Where are PLastids found?

A

Found in all plant cells and euglenoids

91
Q

What are the 3 types of plastids?

A

Chloroplast
Chromoplast
Leucoplast

92
Q

Discuss chloroplast

A

contains chlorophyll and carotenoids, helps in trapping the light energy for photosynthesis

93
Q

Discuss chromoplast

A

Contains fat soluble

gives colors to flowers

94
Q

Leucoplasts further divides into ________,________, and ______________

A

Amyloplasts
Elaioplsats
Aleuroplasts

95
Q

What do Amyloplasts store?

A

Carbohydrates

96
Q

What do Eliaoplasts store?

A

Oils and fats

97
Q

What do aleuroplasts store?

98
Q

draw the sectional view of chloroplast

A

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.entrancei.com%2Fquestion-answer%2Fdraw-sectional-view-of-chloroplast-32230&psig=AOvVaw1Rg-y02dVWLFLBRid8OXkz&ust=1632148275868000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAsQjRxqFwoTCNj6maSgi_MCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD

99
Q

The space limited by the inner membrane of the chloroplast is called the ___________

100
Q

a number of organized flattened membranous sacs are called __________

A

thylakoids

101
Q

Discuss grana

A

Grana is the stake of thylakoid

contains chlorophyll

102
Q

Discuss stroma

A

Limited by the inner membrane

Contains enzymes synthetic of protein and carbohydrate

103
Q

What is thylakoid?

A

Thylakoid are flattened structure

104
Q

state some facts of chloroplast

A

contains small, ds circular DNA, ribosomes (70s)

semi-autonomous organelle

105
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Network or tubular structures scattered in the cytoplasm

106
Q

What are the two types of ER?

A

Smooth ER and Rough ER

107
Q

Differentiate between smooth ER and rough ER (3 points each)

A 
SMOOTH ER
- Absence of ribosomes
- synthesis of lipids
-Animal cell = steroid, hormones synthesis
ROUGH ER
- Bears ribosomes
- Sites for proteins synthesis
- Proteins synthesis + secretion
108
Q

who discovered the Golgi apparatus?

A

Camillo Golgi

109
Q

Describe the structure of Golgi bodies?

A

Many flat, disc-shaped sacs or cisternae staked parallely

110
Q

Explain the whole process that occurs in Golgi apparatus

A

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Biology (1 decks)

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