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Bio 231 Lab > Cell Ultrastructure Lab 1 > Flashcards

Cell Ultrastructure Lab 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Does not take place in the Mitochondria

A

Glycolysis

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2
Q

Glycolysis converts __________into ___________to make ____ ATP.

A

glucose, pyruvate, 2

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3
Q

First step of cellular respiration is called

A

Glycolysis

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4
Q

Pyruvate is converted into ____________ and is considered the ____step.

A

Acetyl CoA, prep

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5
Q

Second step of cellular respiration that needs acetyl coa to enter matrix of mitochondria begin is _____________

A

Kreb’s Cycle

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6
Q

One molecule produced in Kreb’s cycle is ________. The other is _____. They are _______carriers. This cycle ultimately creates more _______.

A

NADH, FADH, electron, ATP

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7
Q

T/F: Electron Transport Chain does not take place in mitochondria

A

False

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8
Q

The ____________creates the most ______.

A

ETC, ATP

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9
Q

Electron transport chain takes place in the membrane of the _______. Embedded proteins that move ________around are called _________, ____________, ___________, ___________

A

cristae, electrons, complex I, complex II, complex III, and complex IV.

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10
Q

_________takes NADH and converts to _______. ________converts FADH into_______. ________are released to produce a ________gradient. Then ______synthase creates _____.

A

complex I, NAD, Complex II, FAD, electrons, hydrogen, ATP, ATP

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11
Q

Electrons must be accepted by the protein in the ETC called ______________. Electrons are transferred to the final electron acceptor which is _________. This creates______ and drives the entire reaction/process.

A

cytochrome C oxidase. Oxygen. Water.

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12
Q

This chemical can block ETC process from occurring. it competes with _______at cytochrome C

A

Cyanide, oxygen.

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13
Q

____________is a series of channels from nucleus to plasma membrane of whole entire cell. They are covered in knobby _______. therefore, it appears rough. Involved in production of _________.

A

Rough RER, ribosomes. Proteins

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14
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum does not contain ____________. is involved in _____________ _____________. also ________harmful chemicals.

A

ribosomes, lipid synthesis, detoxifies.

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15
Q

sorts, packages, process substances, modifies cell products. They are __________stacks of sacs. Made up of __________(membrane bound organelles that hold products). It’s front door is called ______ face and is nearest to nucleus. products exit golgi via the back door, or _____ face.

A

Golgi Bodies, flattened, vesicles. cis, trans.

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16
Q

are part of cytoskeleton, made of microtubules. Arranged in groups of ____. They look like ______ in a micrograph. They make _______and move ____________during cell division.

A

Centrioles , 3, stars, proteins, chromosomes.

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17
Q

M is phase of cell cycle is whether we have _________________or ________________.

A

Mitosis or Meiosis

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18
Q

Separating of chromosomes is done in which phase of the cell cycle

A

M Phase

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19
Q

Time period between cell division where cell grows, uses energy, and undergoes its normal, active life. (name the phase)

A

Interphase

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20
Q

First stage of cell cycle, __________called the gap phase. Is most efficient growth period of cell. Lasts ______hours a day. the __________ is there to make sure the cell has enough nutrients to divide.

A

G1, 8-10, restriction point or G1 checkpoint

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21
Q

DNA synthesis takes place here. It takes approx. _______hours

A

S phase; 6-8

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22
Q

DNA replication produces __________strands of DNA . There are many______involved in S phase.

A

2; genes

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23
Q

Before cell can divide, need to make a ______of all the _____________

A

copy; Chromosomes

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24
Q

shortest of cell phases; checkpoint past S phase. Approx. how many hours_______.

A

G2 phase; 2-46 hours.

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25
Q

Cell division occurs in the _______phase.

A

M phase

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26
Q

____Checkpoint for cell size and proper DNA replication. Regulators and genes involved as move to ___________.

A

G2; mitosis

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27
Q

Uncontrolled cell division causes________

A

Cancer

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28
Q

General body cell; example ______________cells/tissues.

A

Somatic cell; epithelial, muscle, nervous

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29
Q

cell involved in sexual reproduction.

A

gamete/sex cell/germ cell

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30
Q

when nucleus divides; can end up with one cell with _____nuclei. Example: __________muscle, which does not undergo __________.

A

Karyokinesis; 2; skeletal; cytokinesis

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31
Q

Cell division is called.

A

cytokinesis

32
Q

_____________ comes before Cytokinesis.

A

Karyokinesis

33
Q

Division of somatic cells; trying to make more of a cell; ____is divided. Start with ____chromosomes

A

Mitosis ; DNA; 2

34
Q

Chromosomes are visible; nuclear membrane disappears; nucleolus disappears.

A

Prophase

35
Q

Chromosomes line up across center(equator); spindle fibers attached to center of each chromosome

A

Metaphase

36
Q

Sister chromatids are pulled to each side of cell; chromosomes split

A

Anaphase

37
Q

chromosomes cluster in enter of each new cell. Nuclear membrane begins to form; cells begin to separate.

A

Telophase

38
Q

T/F If DNA goes through s phase, it will make an exact copy of that DNA.

A

true

39
Q

two daughter cells form after ____________occurs; ____number of chromosomes as parent cell occur.

A

cytokinesis; same

40
Q

Count number of chromosomes by counting number of _____________.

A

Centromeres

41
Q

2 centromeres would have 2 ________________

A

chromosomes

42
Q

2 identical chromatids equal a

A

Chromosome

43
Q

T/F Each sister chromatid has same DNA

A

True

44
Q

What phase are when chromatids separate.

A

Anaphase

45
Q

Cytokinesis and karyokinesis occur in which phase; end up with ___identical cells.

A

Telophase; 2

46
Q

Meiosis produces ______ amount of DNA of the parent . Content is reduced from ___ sets to ___set of DNA ; fertilized egg is called __________

A

half; 2 to 1 ; zygote

47
Q

__________from the sperm unite with the egg. How many chromosomes are in the sperm and egg?

A

chromosomes; 46 sperm; 46 egg

48
Q

Reduces chromosomes from 46 to _____chromosomes. In _____ cell You get 1 chromosome from father, and 1 from mother.

A

23n; diploid

49
Q

In ______cell there is only 1 set of chromosomes.

A

haploid

50
Q

There are _____chromosome pairs in each haploid cell. A diploid cell contains _______chromosome pairs total.

A

23 ; 46

51
Q

Picture of your chromosomes and Size/shape of them.

A

Karyotype

52
Q

Refers to the size/shape of chromosomes

A

Karyotype

53
Q

How many sets of chromosomes are in a human. how many total?

A

23, 46

54
Q

What chromosome number set controls sex ?

A

23rd

55
Q

y chromosome is always larger in size compared to x. T/F

A

False X is larger.

56
Q

XX would be considered male. t/f

A

False; XY is male

57
Q

different molecular forms of same gene

A

allele

58
Q

term for genetic code for a specific protein

A

genes

59
Q

BB is considered homozygous recessive t/f

A

F. bb is.

60
Q

In a heterozygous genotype, the dominant allele overrules the recessive one. T/F

A

True

61
Q

First step of preparing tissue for examination is to place into preservative to protect the tissue in a relatively natural state. T/F

A

T

62
Q

Proper steps for tissue preparation after removal from preservative are: Dehydrate the sample, embed with parafin, then thinly slice into sections using microtome; finally removed from water placed and placed on a slide and stained for visualization. T/F

A

True

63
Q

H & E staining is a common stain used for tissues; t/F. Eosin is an acidic dye used in staining t/f

A

T; T

64
Q

what metal is used to stain histological slides

A

gold

65
Q

t/f electron microscope uses electrons which help reflect the image from tissue.

A

true

66
Q

-pepper flecks; dna that is unwound and actively used; “true dna”

A

euchromatin

67
Q

unused DNA; storage form of DNA; looks like rain clouds

A

heterochromatin

68
Q

Chromosome is one strand of in-active DNA, is condensed and moved/sorted in mitosis; Chromatin is active, usable form of DNA (normal functioning DNA). T/F

A

True

69
Q

T/F. Nuclear pores are used for DNA to move out of nucleus.

A

False: RNA not DNA

70
Q

sites of protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

71
Q

t/f DNA is wound around histone proteins then supercoiled. Is histone a protein?

A

T; yes

72
Q

Chromosomes are super spiraled form of DNA T/F

A

True

73
Q

Point of attachment between replicated strands of DNA

A

centromere

74
Q

manufactures RNA; does not have membrane

A

nucleolus

75
Q

produces atp; double membrane. Does it have its own DNA? Important site of Calcium production?

A

mitochondrion; yes; yes

76
Q

maternally inherited DNA takes place with this organelle. Diseases such as Leigh Syndrome, Leber’s Hereditary optic neuropathy

A

Mitochondria

77
Q
A

Cell cycle

Bio 231 Lab (3 decks)

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