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Tissues Of The Body > Cell Ultrastructure > Flashcards

Cell Ultrastructure Flashcards

1
Q

Define limit of resolution.

A

The minimum distance that two objects can be distinguished at.

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1
Q

Why are electron microscopes capable of finer resolution than light microscopes?

A

Limit of resolution is proportional to wavelength

An electron beam has a much shorter wavelength than a beam of visible light

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1
Q

Describe the structure of the cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer).

A

Made up of amphipathic phospholipid molecules
Forms an impermeable barrier to water soluble molecules
Contain integral and peripheral proteins and cholesterol embedded in the bilayer

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1
Q

Describe the functions of the plasma membrane.

A 
Selectively permeable
Transports materials along the cell surface
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Intercellular adhesion
Intercellular recognition
Signal transduction
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2
Q

Describe the structure and function of the glycocalyx.

A

Cell coat comprising of oligo and polysaccharide side chains outside of the plasmalemma
Acts as a way of giving the cell specificity

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3
Q

Describe the function of the nucleus.

A

Stores the cells dna

Coordinates the cells activities, metabolism, growth, protein synthesis and mitosis.

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3
Q

Describe the structure and function of heterochromatin.

A

Heterochromatin is condensed chromatin in a solenoid state

It is not being expressed

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4
Q

Describe the structure and function of euchromatin.

A

Chromatin that is not condensed, beads on a string state

Being expressed

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5
Q

Describe the function of the nucleolus.

A

Site of transcription of rRNA

Site of ribosome synthesis

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6
Q

Describe the structure and function of the nuclear envelope.

A

Double layered membrane with many holes called nuclear pores
Studded with ribosomes and occasionally continuous with RER
Separates nucleus from cell cytoplasm
Pores regulate what passes between nucleus and cytoplasm

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7
Q

Describe the structure and function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

A

Flat sheets of membranes and tubules without ribosome receptors
Synthesis of cholesterol and lipids
Detoxification of certain drugs and toxins
Regulate muscles contraction and relaxation due to specialisation to release ca in muscles only.

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7
Q

Describe the structure and function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

A

Flat sheets of membranes continuous with nuclear envelope
Contains ribosomal receptors
Synthesis, modification and packaging of proteins

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7
Q

Describe the structure and function of ribosomes.

A

Contains 2 subunits composed of proteins and rRNA

Surface and catalyst for protein synthesis

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7
Q

Describe the structure of the Golgi apparatus.

A

Clusters of vesicles, tubules and flattened membrane bound cisternae
Convex entry cis face close to nucleus
Concave entry trans face oriented towards cell membrane

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8
Q

Describe the function of secretory vesicles.

A

Condense and release contents at cell surface by exocytosis

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9
Q

Describe the structure and function of lysosomes.

A

Membrane bound vesicles which contain hydrolytic enzymes
Membranes are highly glycosylated to protect from enzymes
Primary lysosomes (spherical) may fuse with other products to form secondary lysosomes
Lysosomes that have digested contents are called residual bodies
Digest certain macromolecules intracellularly

9
Q

Describe the structure and function of peroxisomes.

A

Membrane bound organelles housing oxidative enzymes
Spherical containing a granular matrix bound by a single membrane
Degrade hydrogen peroxide by catalase
Detoxification reactions inc. alcohol

9
Q

Describe the structure and function of mitochondria.

A

Double membrane, inner folded into folds called cristae
Inner fluid filled matrix containing enzymes
Contain mitochondrial DNA
Generation of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation
Assist in the synthesis of certain lipids and proteins

9
Q

Describe the function of the cytoskeleton.

A

Structural support for the plasma membrane and cell organelles
Means of movement for organelles, plasma membrane and cytosol
Locomotor mechanism e.g. Flagella and cilia
Contraction in cells of specialised tissues e.g. Muscle

9
Q

Describe the function of the Golgi apparatus.

A

Sorts, packages and modifies macromolecules into vesicles

9
Q

Describe the structures of the cytoskeleton

A

Microfilaments: 2 strings of actin twisted together
Intermediate filaments: cytokeratin in neurological cells
Microtubules: a and b subunits polymerise to form tubules

Tissues Of The Body (8 decks)

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