Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CELS 191 > Cell Types and Structure > Flashcards

Cell Types and Structure Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of life? (8)

A

Cellular respiration, reproduction, metabolism, homeostasis, hereditary, response to stimuli, growth and development, adaptation through evolution.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the potential origins of life? (3)

A

Generation of biomolecules (hydrothermal vents)
Generation of replicating organisms (chelation)
Panspermia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When was the earliest life on earth?

A

4.5 billion years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 4 things required for natural selection?

A

Variation, inheritance, selection, time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the three types of organisms?

A

Bacteria, eukarya, and archaea.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What type of organism are humans?

A

Eukarya

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is endosymbiosis?

A

That mitochondria (proteobacteria) and chloroplasts (cyanobacteria), are derived from bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

Membrane enclosed organelles are present in eukaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are macromolecules mainly composed of?

A

Atoms, giving them a large molar mass. Also monomers joined by covalent bonds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 4 levels of carbohydrates?

A

mono, di, oli, and polysaccharides.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates? (3)

A

Recognition, energy, structure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 7 types of proteins?

A

Structural, regulatory, contractile, transport, storage, protective, catalytic, toxic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 3 functions of lipids?

A

Structural, regulatory, energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What must a cell do? (5)

A

Manufacture cellular materials, obtain raw materials, remove waste, generate required energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the function of a a plasma membrane?

A

Provide special conditions within the cell, act as a semi-permeable barrier.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the arrangement of the phospholipid bilayer?

A

Hydrophilic head on the outside of the layer and the tail are between them. Fatty acids affect membrane fluidity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What can the membrane be affected by?

A

Saturation (when it is packed tightly together, there is less fluidity)
Temperature (higher, more fluidity)
Cholesterol (stabilises fluidity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the functions of plasma membrane proteins? (5)

A

Signal transduction (from the body into the cell)
Cell recognition
Intercellular joining
Linking cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix.
Membrane transport (passive and active)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the channels for moving water across the membrane?

A

Aquaporins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What cell is only found in animal cells?

A

Lysosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the 2 cells individual to plant cells?

A

Chloroplast, central vacuole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the structures in the endomembrane system?

A

Nuclear envelope
endoplasmic reticulum
golgi appartus
vesicles
lysosomes
vacuoles
plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the functions of the endomembrane system?

A

Synthesis of proteins, transport of proteins, metabolism and movement of lipids, detoxification of poisons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the process of moving proteins out of a cell?

A

Synthesise (endoplasmic reticulum)
Tag and package (golgi apparatus)
Deliver (vesicles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the function of the sER?

A

Metabolism of carbs
Lipid synthesis
Detoxification of poisons
Storage of calcium ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the function of the rER?

A

Protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the golgi complex structure?

A

Has polarity, vesicles arrive from the endoplasmic reticulum at the cis face and leave from the trans face.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the functions of the Golgi complex?

A

Glycosylation (Addition of carbohydrates to proteins), sorting proteins (by adding molecular markers),
Directing vesicle trafficking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the types of vesicles?

A

Membrane bound
Transport
Secretory
Vacuoles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Transporting material out of the cell or to the cell surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

Taking in of particular molecles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Uptake of food particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

Uptake of extracellular fluid containing various solutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?

A

Specialised form of pinocytosis where receptor proteins are used to selectively capture required solute.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Membrane -bound environments specific for enzymes to break down ‘stuff’ within the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is autophagy?

A

Breaking down of unwanted cellular material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the major energy requirements of the cell?

A

Mechanical work
Making new materials
Transport
Maintain order

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the site of cellular respiration?

A

Mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

How many mitochondria are there in a cell?

A

1-1000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

How many membranes does a mitochondria have?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are cristae?

A

Folds of the inner membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Describe glycolysis

A

Occurs in the cytosol
Glucose converted to 2 pyruvate molecules (2x 3C)
Generates 2ATP
NAD+ made to NADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Describe Pyruvate Oxidation and the Citric Acid cycle

A

Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
Pyruvate is converted to Acetyl CoA (which will then enter the citric acid cycle)
ATP, and NADH and FADH2 (high energy electron carriers will then be produced.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Describe Oxidative Phosphorylation parts

A

Electron transport chain
Chemiosmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Describe the electron transport chain

A

Electron carriers take electrons to inner mitochondrial membrane through protein complexes.
This causes protons to be pumped across into the intermembrane space, creating a proton gradient.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Describe chemiosmosis

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane contains ATP synthase.
Proton gradient powers ATP synthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

How to plant cells absorb energy?

A

Via chlorophyll located in the thylakoid membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What occurs in the photosynthetic electron transport chain?

A

Occurs in the thylakoid membrane
Chlorophyll captures light energy and converts in into chemical energy, these high energy electrons then move through the photosynthetic chain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What happens in the light reactions?

A

Occurs in the thylakoid membrane
High energy protons pumped to build a concentration gradient.
Photosystem I gives them an energy boost
Photosystem II draws electrons from water (forming oxygen biproduct)
With the proton gradeint we can now move through the ATP synthase to make ATP.
DRAW DIAGRAM (lecture 7)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Describe the Calvin Cycle (Carbon Fixation).

A

Occurs in the stroma.
The output of this is a 3 carbon sugar, that, when combined with another 3 carbon sugar, makes glucose.
DRAW DIAGRAM (lecture 7)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is the purpose of cellulose in the plant cell

A

Major component of cell wall. It forms microfibrils which are a component of both primary and secondary cell walls.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What are the two phases of plant cell walls?

A

Phase one: microfibrils
Phase two: matrix (pectin polysaccharides and hemicellulose polysaccharides)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is in the matrix of a plant cell?

A

Hemicellulose (large group of polysaccharides)
Pectin (negatively charged polysaccharides that bind water)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What controls the extensibility of the plant cell wall?

A

Extensin cross-linking reduces extensibility and increases strength. It controls how much a cell can expand, it is rigid in old cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Describe the synthesis of the primary cell wall?

A
  1. Cellulose microfibrils at the plasma membrane
  2. Polysaccharides in the Golgi are transported to the wall vesicles
  3. Cell wall proteins from the rER, vesicles fuse to the plasma membrane.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Describe constitutive exocytosis

A

Releases extracellular matrix proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What are the cellulose-producing rosettes?

A

Proteins that move parallel to the cortical (close to the outside) microtubules. They determine where the cellulose microfibrils are laid down as the cell develops.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What determines the shape of a cell?

A

Where the microtubules are laid down, at different angles to give strength.

59
Q

What are the cell wall functions in terms of cell shape?

A

Provides structural support.
Prevents excessive water uptake.

60
Q

How do the orientation of microfibrils influence cell morphology?

A

When they are random the cell will expand equally in all directions
When they are at right angles on the long axis, the cell will expand longitudinally (square).

61
Q

What provides structural support in the cell?

A

Protoplast being pushed against the cell wall to control rigidity.

62
Q

How does the cell prevent excessive water uptake?

A

The protoplast expands when water enters the cell and pushes against the cell wall, the cell wall limits the volume of water that can be taken up.

63
Q

What is the purpose of the secondary cell wall?

A

Not all plants have a secondary cell wall. It provides more structural support than the primary cell wall. Only produced after the growth has stopped.

64
Q

What is the secondary cell wall made up of?

A

Lignin.

65
Q

What are plasmodesmata?

A

Intercellular connections that enable cell to cell communication. Allows free exchange of small molecules but prevents organelle movements.

66
Q

Describe the inside vs. the outside of the cell.

A

Outside (extracellular matrix of glycoproteins)
Inside (Cytoskeleton, support and mobility)

67
Q

Describe the function of a cytoskeleton

A

Helps maintain cell shape. Highly dynamic and provides stability (has the ability to change)

68
Q

What is the structure of the cytoskeleton? (3)

A

Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments.

69
Q

Describe microtubules in the cytoskeleton

A

Resist compression, help maintain cell shape, composed of tubulin subunits, radiate from a centrosome.

70
Q

Describe how microtubules provides cell motility

A

Flagella move the cell in snake-like motions, cilia move in rowing-like motion.

71
Q

Describe intermediate filaments in the cytoskeleton.

A

Various types of proteins supercoiled into cables. They are permanent cellular structures.
They maintain cell shape and anchor organelles.

72
Q

What are the 3 types of cell junctions

A

Tight, gap, desmosomes

73
Q

Describe tight junctions

A

Middle seal, form a continous seal. Prevents movement of fluid.

74
Q

Describe desmosomes

A

Anchoring junction. Strong, connected by intermediate filaments.

75
Q

Describe gap junctions

A

Ions and small molecules can pass cell to cell.

76
Q

What are most extracellular matrix proteins?

A

Glycoproteins

77
Q

What are the most abundant ECM glycoprotein?

A

Collagen

78
Q

What is the purpose of a proteoglycan in ECM

A

Trap water which subsequently retains tissue shape.

79
Q

What is the purpose of integrins in the ECM?

A

Providing a communication link

80
Q

Where are ribosomes found?

A

Attached to the rough ER (bound)
In the cytoplasm (free)

81
Q

What is the function of ribsomes?

A

Making proteins

82
Q

What is the structure of the nucleus?

A

Nuclear envelope
Nuclear pores
Contains DNA
Nucleolus

83
Q

What is the structure of the nuclear envelope?

A

Inner and outer membrane with perinuclear space between. Nuclear laminar

84
Q

What is the nuclear lamina

A

Lining of inner nuclear envelope, composed of intermediate filaments. It maintains the shape of the nucleus.

85
Q

What happens if the nuclear lamina is defective?

A

Nuclei are unable to retain a spherical shape and this limits the ability of the affected cells to divide

86
Q

What is a nuclear pore?

A

Channels that control the movement of molecules in and out of the nucleus

87
Q

What are the two types of movement between the nucleus and cytoplasm?

A

Nucleus to cytoplasm is tRNA and mRNA
Cytoplasm to nucleus is control signals, building blocks, and energy

88
Q

What is the nucleolus

A

Responsible for making RNA and ribosomal subunits

89
Q

Describe DNA within the nucleus

A

Interact with histones to form beads called nucleosomes. Further interaction with histones causes the fibres to coil and form metaphase chromosomes

90
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

Chromosomes displayed in pairs

91
Q

What is euchromatin and heterochromatin?

A

Euchromatin contains genes being used by the cell (less dense to be able to access)
heterochromatin more dense and contains genes that are not being used.

92
Q

What was Chargaff’s Discovery?

A

DNA could be genetic material, amounts of A and T (C,G) were the same yet differed between species

93
Q

What did the X-ray diffraction discover?

A

DNA was a helical structure, it is double-stranded with perpendicular bases.

94
Q

Which bases are made from Pyrindines?

A

C and T

95
Q

Which bases are made from Purines?

A

A and G

96
Q

How are nucleotide monomers formed?

A

With phosphodiester bonds

97
Q

How are DNA strand orientated?

A

Anti-parralell

98
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are between T and A?

A

2

99
Q

How many hydrogen bonds between C and G?

A

3

100
Q

What is the Watson-Crick model of DNA?

A

Double Stranded helical structure
Sugar-phosphate backbone on the outside
Bases on the inside
Stabilised by hydrogen bonds
Two polynucleotide strands orientated in opposite directions.

101
Q

What kind of replication does DNA go through?

A

Semi-conservative replication

102
Q

Which way does the parental template synthesise?

A

3’ - 5’ direction

103
Q

What does semi-discontinuous mean for replication?

A

There is a leading and lagging strand

104
Q

What way is the lagging strand synthesised?

A

In the 5’ - 3’ direction in Okazaki Fragments

105
Q

What is Primase?

A

An enzyme that makes an RNA primer to start DNA polymerisation

106
Q

What is a locus?

A

Position of a gene.

107
Q

What is the purpose of cell divison?

A

Growth, repair, and developmnt

108
Q

Describe the cell cycle

A

A cell spends most of its life in interphase, during the G1 phase, there is growth. In S phase, DNA is replicated.

109
Q

Describe Prophase (mitosis)

A

Chromosomes condense, and sister chromatids stick to each other

110
Q

Describe Prometaphase

A

Sister chromatids attach to the microtubules.

111
Q

Describe Metaphase (mitosis)

A

Sister chromatids line up. Centromeres line up

112
Q

Describe Anaphase (mitosis)

A

Microtubules shorten, ripping the sister chromatids apart.

113
Q

Describe Telophase and Cytokinesis (mitosis)

A

Separation is complete and nuclear envelope is forming

114
Q

What does mitosis produce?

A

Identical daughter cells

115
Q

Why is meiosis important?

A

Because our gametes would be 2n and our embryos would be 4n.

116
Q

What happens in interphase of meiosis?

A

Homologous diploid chromosomes in parent cell are duplicated into sister chromatids.

117
Q

What happens in meiosis I?

A

Homologous chromosomes are separated, producing 4 haploid cells with duplicated chromosomes

118
Q

What happens in meiosis II?

A

Sister chromatids are seperated and 4 haploid cells with unreplicated chromosomes are produced.

119
Q

What happens in Prophase I?

A

Homologous chromosomes synapse and crossing over between non-sister chromatids occurs at the chiasmata.

120
Q

What is a centromere?

A

Where the sister chromatids are held together

121
Q

What happens in Metaphase I

A

Homologous chromosomes line by the chiasmata on the metaphase plate

122
Q

What happens in Anaphase I?

A

Homologous chromosomes seperate and sister chromatids remain attached.

123
Q

What happens in Telophase I and Cytokinesis?

A

Haploid cells with duplicated chromosomes are produced.

124
Q

What happens in Anaphase II?

A

The sister chromatids seperate

125
Q

What is the outcome of meiosis?

A

4 genetically different daughter cells with n amount of chromosomes

126
Q

What causes down syndrome?

A

Aneuploidy, abnormal amount of chromosome 21. Nondisjunction or failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis.

127
Q

What is Klinefelter Syndrome

A

XXY

128
Q

What is polyploidy?

A

Possession of multiple sets of chromosomes

129
Q

What is Turner Syndrome?

A

XO

130
Q

What are the 4 types of chromosomal aberrations?

A

Deletion, Inversion, duplication, and translocation

131
Q

What is the cause of familial downsyndrome?

A

Translocation of chromosome 21 onto 14.

132
Q

What is a Barr body?

A

Condensed (inactive) X chromosomes, XY will have 0, XX will have 1, and XXX will have 2.

133
Q

What leads the progressive addition of new nucleotides?

A

DNA polymerase III

134
Q

What marks the starting point for nucleotide addition?

A

Primase enzyme making RNA primer

135
Q

What unwinds to gives two parental templates?

A

Helicase

136
Q

What releases tension generated by the unwinding of the DNA helix

A

Topoisomerase rejoining NDA strands.

137
Q

What prevents unwound single-stranded DNA from reforming and protecting it from degradation?

A

Singles-stranded DNA binding protein

138
Q

What removes RNA primer and fills the gap with NDA nucleotides?

A

DNA polymerase I

139
Q

What joins the end of newly synthesised fragments?

A

DNA ligase

140
Q

What is Exonuclase?

A

Nuclease that removes DNA errors during DNA replication. Only the base is removed.

141
Q

What is endonuclease?

A

Nuclease that repairs errors after replication, removing it and then the polymerase makes new DNA.

142
Q

What is PCR?

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction. In vitro method of making DNA for medical applications.

143
Q

What is the function of polymerase I?

A

Removes RNA primers and replaces the gap with DNA nucleotides.

CELS 191 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions