Cell Types Flashcards
what are the three domains?
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Of the three domains what two are prokaryotes?
Bacteria and Archaea
What are examples of Eukaryotes?
Fungi, animals, plants
What are the three major layers of Prokaryotic cells
Capsule, cell wall, plasma membrane
What are the two types of prokaryotic surface projections?
pili and flagella
Prokaryotic cells: what is the capsule
outermost portion of the cell
Prokaryotic cells: what is the cell wall
made of peptidoglycan and protects the cell and helps maintain its shape
Prokaryotic cells: what is the plasma membrane?
fluidity and molecule transport
Prokaryotic cells: in bacteria what is the nucleoid
DNA of prokaryotic cells coiled into a region
True or False: Prokaryotic Cells no not have true organelles
true
What does a Eukaryotic cell contain
cytoplasm nucleus and organelles
Eukaryotic Cells: what is cytoplasm?
region between nucleus and plasma membrane
What are the 4 basic functions of all Eukaryotic cells?
1 - Genetic Control
2 - Manufacture, distribution, breakdown of molecules
3 - Energy processing
4 - structural support, movement, communication
how are Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells similar
plasma membrane
cytosol interior
1+ chromosomes
ribosomes
What are the two types of Eukaryotic cells
Animal cells and plant cells
What organelles are unique to animal cells?
lysosomes and centrioles
What organelles are unique to plant cells?
rigid cell wall, chloroplasts. central vacuole
What are Mitochondria
organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells
What does cellular respiration do
converts food into ATP
What is chloroplast?
photosynthesizing organelles
What is the purpose of chloroplast
converts light energy into chemical energy of sugar molecules
where are membrane proteins
attached to membrane surface
True or False: Only Eukaryotes have nucleus
true
What does the nucleus contain
most of the cells DNA
what does the nucleus control
cells activities via directing protein synthesis by making mRNA
what are chromosomes called when cell is not dividing
chromatin
where is the nuclear envelope?
surrounds outermost portion of nucleus
What do the pores of the nuclear envelope do?
regulate movement of molecules within cell
connect with endoplasmic reticulum
What is a nucleolus
structure in nucleus that is site of ribosomal synthesis
What are ribosomes?
involved in protein synthesis
Protein concentration directly correlates to ___
ribosome concentration
What are the two types of ribosomes?
free ribosomes and bound ribosomes
what are free ribosomes
float in cytoplasm and make proteins that function in cytoplasm
what are bound ribosomes
attached to endoplasmic reticulum
associated with proteins packed in certain organelles or exported from the cell
What is the endomembrane system
membranes within eukaryotic cell and connects organelles
What does the Ebdomembrane system include?
Nuclear envelioe
ER rough + smooth
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
vacuoles
plasma membrane
What are the two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth ER and Rough ER
What is the function for Smooth ER
produces enzymes for synthesis, contains enzymes to process harmful substances, stores some calcium ions
what is the function of Rough ER
Makes additional membrane for itself
makes proteins destined for secretions
What does the Golgi Apparatus contain?
stacks o’ sacs
What is the function of the goli apparatus
receives proteins and lipids from rough ER -> modifies some -> sorts -> concentrates + packs into vesicles
What does the Golgi Apparatus produce
transport vesicles
What is a Lysosome
Membrane sac containing digestive enzymes
How are Lysosomes made?
by rough ER processed in the Golgi apparatus
what is the function of Lysosomes
fuse food vacuoles and digest food
destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells
fuse with other vesicles
What are Vacuoles
large vesicles w/ variety of functions
What do vacuoles do in plants?
stores water
digestive functions
contain pigments
contain poisons to protect plant
What are Peroxisomes
Metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system
What do some Peroxisomes do?
break down fatty acids for cellular fuel
convert toxic substances into water
What are the two internal parts of the Mitochondria
intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix
What is the function of chloroplasts
photosynthesizing organelles of all photoautotrophic eukaryoyes
In Chloroplasts what are in the inner membrane
Stroma, thylakoids, granum
What is the cytoskeleton
network of protein fibers
What are the three types of cytoskeleton
Microtubule, intermediate filament, microfilament
What are the two things important for locomotion
flagella - long
cilia - short
What is the extracellular matrix
something animal cells synthesize and secrete
What are the functions of Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
hold cells together in tissues
protects and supports the plasma membrane
What is Plasmodesmata (plants)?
junctions that allow plants tissues to share
