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BIO1140 > cell transport across plasma membrane > Flashcards

cell transport across plasma membrane Flashcards

1
Q

where is Na+ most abundant

A

outside the cell

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2
Q

where is K+ most abundant

A

inside the cell

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3
Q

what are Na+ ions balanced by

A

Cl- ions

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4
Q

what are K+ ions balanced by

A

charges of organic molecules

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5
Q

what is a voltage difference

A

small excesses of positive or negative charge on two sides of plasma membrane

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6
Q

membrane potential

A

the voltage difference across the membrane

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7
Q

resting membrane potential

A

the steady exchange of anions and cations across the membrane for a cell at rest

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8
Q

what creates membrane potential

A

ion channels

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9
Q

how do ion channels create membrane potential

A

ion channels create openings for passive movement of inorganic ions

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10
Q

which channel is responsible for the resting membrane potential

A

K+ leak channels
Na+-K+ pumps also contribute

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11
Q

what is the range of the charge of resting membrane potential in animal cells (mV)

A

-20 to -200 mV

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12
Q

AT REST, what is the plasma membrane most permeable to

A

K+

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13
Q

Most channels in the cell are what kind of channels?

A

ion channels

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14
Q

what do ion channels do

A

facilitate passage of select inorganic ions

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15
Q

ion channels vs. pores

A
  1. ion selectivity
  2. open/closure state
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16
Q

(T/F) ion channels are continuously open

A

FALSE

ion channels fluctuate between closed and open conformations

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17
Q

(T/F) most ion channels are gated

A

TRUE

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18
Q

what kind of gate ion channels are there

A
  • ligand-gated
  • voltage gates
  • mechanically gated
  • always open (leak channels)
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19
Q

voltage-gated ion channels

A

controlled by changes in the voltage across the membrane
moves down concentration gradient

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20
Q

ligand gated ion channels

A

controlled by the binding of a molecule

  1. polar substance more concentrated on outside
  2. binding of stimulus molecule (ligand) causes pore to open
  3. polar substance can diffuse across membrane
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21
Q

mechanically gated ion channels

A

controlled by physical stimuli
ex. light, sound waves, pressure, stretch, touch, vibration
moves down concentration gradient

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22
Q

what is a neuron made up of

A

cell body, axon, dendrites

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23
Q

what does an electric signal consist of

A

changes in the membrane potential across neuron’s plasma membrane

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24
Q

(T/F) liposomes are impermeable to most water-soluble molecules

A

TRUE

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25
Q

what do membrane transport proteins do

A

facilitate the passage of selected small water-soluble molecules

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26
Q

what affects diffusion rate

A

molecule’s size and solubility

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27
Q

(T/F) lipid bilayers are impermeable to ions and most uncharged polar molecules

A

TRUE
only small nonpolar molecules can pass through

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28
Q

what are the two classes of membrane proteins

A
  1. transporter
  2. channel
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29
Q

transporter protein

A

transfer small organic molecules/inorganic molecules

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30
Q

channel proteins

A

form tiny hydrophilic pores and allow substances to pass by diffusion

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31
Q

passive vs. active transport

A

active transport requires energy/ATP

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32
Q

downhill movement

A

molecules flow from a region of high concentration to low concentration

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33
Q

passive transport

A

requires no energy

downhill movement
–> moves solute down its gradient

change conformation to mediate transport

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34
Q

active transport

A

requires energy

uphill movement
–>against concentration/electrical gradient

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35
Q

transport of uncharged molecule

A

movement direction determined ONLY by concentration gradient

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36
Q

transport of charged molecule

A

both concentration gradient and membrane potential exert forces

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37
Q

electrochemical gradient

A

net driving force moving a charged solute

force from membrane potential + force from concentration gradient

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38
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water across membranes

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39
Q

what channels do water molecules diffuse through

A

diffuse rapidly through aquaporin channels in the plasma membrane of some cells

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40
Q

what are aquaporin channels responsible for

A

water reabsorption in kidneys

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41
Q

3 types of proteins for active transport

A
  • uniporter : transports one substance in one direction
  • symporter : transports 2 different substances in the same direction
  • antiporter : transports 2 different substances in opposite directions
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42
Q

uniporter

A

transports one substance in one direction

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43
Q

symporter

A

transports 2 different substances in the same directionan

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44
Q

antiporter

A

transports 2 diff substances in opposite directions

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45
Q

3 types of energy sources in active transport

A
  • ATP (primary at)
  • electrochemical gradient (secondary at)
  • light
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46
Q

what is plasma membrane made of

A

thin fatty film studded w proteins and coated with carbs

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47
Q

plasma membrane functions

A
  • cell communication
  • import/export of molecules
  • cell growth
  • motility
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48
Q

phospholipid structure

A

hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tails

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49
Q

saturated vs. unsaturated fatty acid

A

saturated = no double bond

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50
Q

triacyglycerol

A

main constituents of animal fats and plant oils

–> completely hydrophobic

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51
Q

amphipathic

A

both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts

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52
Q

first law of thermodynamics

A

total amt of energy in the universe must always be the same

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53
Q

what do all animals live off of

A

energy stored in chemical bonds of organic molecules

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54
Q

where does energy ultimately come from

A

the sun

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55
Q

photosynthesis

A

process that converts the electromagnetic energy in sunlight into chemical-bond energy in organic molecules

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56
Q

how is energy extracted from organic molecules

A

gradual oxidation

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57
Q

oxidation

A

addition of oxygen atoms to a molecule

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58
Q

second law of thermodynamics

A

in the universe, the degree of disorder can only increase
entropy: measure of a system’s disorder

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59
Q

how do cells follow the second law of thermodynamics

A

disorder increases when useful energy that could be harnessed to do work (free energy) is dissipated as heat

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60
Q

Gibbs free energy (G)

A

amount of energy available in a molecule to do work in a system when the temp and pressure are uniform

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61
Q

what is free energy measured in

A

joules

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62
Q

how can chemical reactions in a cell cause disorder

A
  1. by breaking apart a long chain of molecules or by disrupting an interaction that prevents bond rotations
  2. charges of bond energy of the reacting molecules can cause heat to be released
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63
Q

formula for free energy change

A

A+B –> C+D
(delta)G = free energy (C+D) - free energy (A+B)

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64
Q

what does delta G represent

A

amt of disorder created when a reaction involving these molecules takes place

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65
Q

what does a negative delta G represent

A

disorder of the universe increases

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66
Q

what does delta G at 0 mean

A

system is at equilibrium

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67
Q

standard free change

A

delta G^0

used to predict the outcome of a reaction

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68
Q

endergonic reactions

A

reaction with a positive change in free energy

69
Q

exergonic

A

reaction with a negative change in free energy –> release energy

spontaneous reactions

reaction product has a lower free energy level = more stable

70
Q

are exergonic or endergonic reactions energetically favorable

A

exergonic

71
Q

endergonic reactions

A

require energy, can store energy in bonds

non-spontaneous

reaction product has a higher free energy level than substrate

72
Q

transferable chemical group/readilt transferable election

A

as a readily transferable chemical group or as readily transferable electrons

73
Q

what are the most important activated carriers

A

ATP, NADH, NADPH

74
Q

what is the most widely used activated carrier

A

ATP

75
Q

what group does ATP carry

A

phosphate

76
Q

what group does NADH, NADPH, FADH2 carry

A

electrons and hydrogens

77
Q

what group does acetyl CoA carry

A

acetyl group

78
Q

what group does carboxylated biotin carry

A

carboxyl group

79
Q

what group does S-adenosylmethionine carry

A

methyl group

80
Q

what group does uridine diphosphate glucose carry

A

glucose

81
Q

what do enzymes do

A

act as catalysts and lower activation energy

82
Q

2 sets of metabolic pathways

A

catabolic and anabolic

83
Q

catabolic metabolism

A

process of cellular respiration

84
Q

anabolic metabolism

A

process of photosynthesis

85
Q

where do light-reactions take place

A

thylakoid membrane

86
Q

where does the carbon-fixation take place

A

stroma

87
Q

how to light reactions convert light energy into chemical energy

A

form of ATP and reduced electron carrier NADPH

88
Q

carbon fixation reactions

A

light-independent reactions –> use ATP, NADPH, and CO2 to produce carbohydrates

89
Q

what is light

A

electromagnetic radiation

90
Q

photons

A

particles of light

91
Q

shorter wavelength = ?

A

greater energy

92
Q

what light do chlorophylls absorb

A

light of blue and red wavelengths

93
Q

photosystem

A

complex of proteins and pigments in thylakoid membrane

94
Q

2 parts of the photosystem

A
  • antenna system
  • reaction center
95
Q

what does the antenna system do

A

pigments absorb light energy and transfer it to chlorophyll a in the reaction center

96
Q

what are electrons from chlorophylls in the reaction center transferred to

A

electron acceptor

97
Q

where are electrons transported in photosynthesis

A

thylakoid membrane

98
Q

what provides electrons for chlorophylls in the reaction center

A

water molecules split to provide electrons

99
Q

protons are transferred from the stroma to where?

A

interior of the thylakoids

100
Q

what do the light reactions of photosynthesis lead to the production of

A
  • ATP
  • NADPH
  • O2
101
Q

carbon fixation

A

uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 into sugar

102
Q

what does carbon fixation consume ATP/NADPH to form

A

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

103
Q

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)

A

3 CO2 + 9 ATP + 6 NADPH

104
Q

glycolysis

A

converts glucose –> 2 pyruvate and some ATP

anaerobic

105
Q

cellular respirationg

A

uses O2 to convert 1 pyruvate –> 3 CO2

106
Q

fermentation

A

converts pyruvate into lactic acid or ethanol

107
Q

oxidizing agent

A

reactant that becomes reduced

108
Q

when do redox reactions occur

A

during the formation of a salt

109
Q

between glucose and O2, which is the REDUCING agent

A

glucose

110
Q

key electron carrier in redox reactions

A

coenzyme NAD+

111
Q

aerobic metabolic process

A
  • glycolysis
  • pyruvate oxidation
  • citric acid cycle
  • electron transport/ATP synthesis
112
Q

anaerobic metabolic processes

A
  • glycoysis
  • fermentation
113
Q

where does glycolysis take place

A

cytoplasm, 10 steps

114
Q

net result of glycolysis

A

2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH

115
Q

3 phases of glycolysis

A
  • energy consuming phase –> requires ATP
  • cleavage phase
  • energy-releasing phase –> produce ATP and NADH
116
Q

what pathways does cellular respiration include

A
  • pyruvate oxidation
  • citric acid cycle
  • ETC/ATP synthesis
117
Q

where does cellular respiration take place

A

in the mitochondria

118
Q

where does pyruvate oxidation occur

A

mitochondrial matrix

119
Q

results of one citric acid cycle

A

2 CO2 + 3 NADH + 1 GTP + 1 FADH2

** cycles operates 2 times for 1 glucose

120
Q

what is the starting point for the citric acid cycle

A

acetyl coa

121
Q

citric acid cycle

A

8 reactions, acetyle group oxidized to 2 CO2

122
Q

step 8 of citric acid cycle

A

oxidation of malate, NAD+ –> NADH, malate –> oxaloacetate

123
Q

results of the oxidation of 1 glucose

A
  • 6 CO2
  • 10 NADH
  • 2 FADH2
  • 4 ATP
124
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

2 steps:
- electron transport : electrons from NADH and FADH2 pass through respiratory chain –> create concentration gradient
- chemiosmosis” protons diffuse back to mitochondrial matrix –> ATP is made

125
Q

where does proton pumping create an electrochemical gradient

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

126
Q

electron transfers cause movement of protons where?

A

matric to intermembrane space

127
Q

what kind of motor is the mitochondrial ATP synthase

A

rotary motor

128
Q

results of lactate fermentation

A

2 lactate + 2 ATP

129
Q

results of ethanol fermentation

A

2 ethanol + 2 CO2 + 2 ATP

130
Q

how does the cycle of fermentation regulate itself

A

NADH gives up its electrons in the cytosol and converts back into NAD+ that glycolysis can use

131
Q

metabolites

A

regulatory molecules

132
Q

3 types of endocytosis

A
  • receptor-mediated endocytosis (specific intake)
  • pinocytosis (fluid)
  • phagocytosis (particles)
133
Q

2 types of exocytosis

A

release of large molecules

release of small molecules

134
Q

2 types of membrane proteins

A
  • integral : extend through lipid bilayer
  • peripheral: interact with integral membrane proteins
135
Q

how are integral proteins removed

A

can only be removed by disrupting the bilayer with detergents

136
Q

(T/F) distribution of membrane proteins is asymmetrical

A

TRUE

137
Q

transmembrane protein

A

integral protein that extends all the way through the phospholipid bilayer

138
Q

how does an integral membrane protein cross the lipid bilayer

A

as an a helix

139
Q

how do plasma membrane proteins move in the bilayer

A

laterally

140
Q

how do cells confine particular proteins to localized areas

A
  • binding meshwork of proteins inside cell
  • binding proteins on surface of another cell
  • diffusion barriers
  • binding extracellular matrix molecules
141
Q

membrane domains

A

functionally specialized regions

142
Q

cell cortex

A

framework of proteins that support cell membrane

143
Q

sugar coating on cell curface

A

carbohydrate layer/glycocalyx that functions in cell recognition and adhesion

144
Q

3 types of cell junctions that connect adjacent cells

A
  • desmosomal adhesion
  • tight junctions
  • gap junctions
145
Q

desmosomal junctions

A

cell structure specialized for cell=cell adhesion

randomly arranged on lateral sides of cell

tissues faced with mechanical stress

146
Q

tight junctions

A

protein complex between 2 cells that creates a seal to prevent leakage of content through membranes

147
Q

gap junctions

A

allow intracellular flow of ions and molecules between cytoplasms

148
Q

cell theory

A
  • cells are the fundamental units of life
  • all living organisms are composed of cells
  • all cells come from preexisting cells
149
Q

bright-field microscopy

A

light passes directly through cells

details not distinguished

150
Q

phase contrast microscopy

A

contrast increased by emphasizing differences in refractive index

enhances light and dark regions in cell

151
Q

differential interference contrast microscopt

A

2 beams of polarized light are used

looks as if cell is casting a shadow on one side

152
Q

stained bright-field microscopy

A

stain enhances contrast, reveals details not otherwise visible

153
Q

fluroescence microscopy

A

natural substance in cell that binds to a specific material is stimulated by a beam of light

154
Q

confocal microscopy

A

fluorescence materials are used –> adds sustem of focusing both stimulating and emitted light

2D image

155
Q

scanning electron microscopt (SEM)

A

electrons are directed to the surface of the sample where they cause other electrons to be emitted

156
Q

nuclear lamina

A

involved in most nuclear activities

157
Q

rough ER

A

site of protein synthesis

158
Q

smooth ER

A

site of glycogen degredation, lipid/steroid synthesis, calcium ion storage

159
Q

golgi apparatus

A

site of protein modification and sorting

adds carbs to proteins

160
Q

lysosomes

A

site of macromolecule digestion

161
Q

mitochondria

A

sites of energy transformation

162
Q

chloroplasts

A

site of photosynthesis in plants

163
Q

chromoplasts

A

make/store red, yellow, orange pigments

164
Q

leucoplasts

A

store starch

165
Q

peroxisomes

A

accumulate toxic peroxides

166
Q

vacuols

A

storage compartment in plants

167
Q

what happens at the nerve terminal

A

electric signal is converted to chemical signal

168
Q

what happens at a synpase

A

chemical signal converted into electrical signal

BIO1140 (2 decks)

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