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cell transport Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cholesterol

A

makes cell membrane thicker, softer, and stronger.

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2
Q

integral protein

A

channel and transport molecules across the cell and act as cell receptors

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3
Q

carbohydrates

A

identify cells for immune response and help with cell protection

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4
Q

peripheral protein

A

move electrons around the surface of the cell, generate energy, and support the membrane

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5
Q

phospholipid

A

act as a barrier and protect the cell. arranged in two layers called a bilayer. hydrophobic interior (tail) and hydrophilic exterior (head)

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6
Q

why is it called the fluid mosaic model?

A

made of many various types of molecules and different parts working together (like a mosaic)

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7
Q

active transport

A

a type of membrane transport that requires enery. it moves against the concentration gradient from a low to a high concentration

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8
Q

passive transport

A

a type of membrane transport that does not need energy. it moves with the concentration gradient from high concentration to low

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9
Q

cell adhesion

A

the process in which a cell uses a specialized complex of proteins to get connected

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10
Q

cell recognition

A

cell recognition is how cells communicate to recognize each other or foreign materials and triggers a response from the cell

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11
Q

cell signaling

A

the process by which cells respond to substances outside the cell through signaling receptors and receptor proteins

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12
Q

passive diffusion examples

A

diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion

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13
Q

active diffusion examples

A

ion pumps, exocytosis, and endocytosis

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14
Q

diffusion

A

the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. it does not use energy

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15
Q

osmosis

A

when water moves from a high concentration to a low concentration through a cell’s semi-permeable membrane using aquaporins. this is passive transport and does not require energy

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16
Q

why do cells need diffusion?

A

cell use diffusion to transport important substances across their membranes, to ingest nutrients, to expel their waste, and to maintain ion balance. An example in animal cells is carbon dioxide moving across the cell so it can regulate the pH balance. An example in plant cells is water being used for transport and structure during photosynthesis.

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17
Q

diffusion examples in the human body

A
  1. glucose and amino acids in the small intestine get absorbed across the lining into the blood stream
  2. oxygen passes from alveoli in the lungs into the blood stream, and carbon dioxide goes the other way
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18
Q

if the substance around a cell is hypertonic, what is the cell?

A

hypotonic

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19
Q

if the substance around a cell is hypotonic, what is the cell?

A

hypertonic

20
Q

what are cells in unbalanced solutions working towards?

A

isotonic/equilibrium

21
Q

what is dynamic equilibrium?

A

the forward and reverse processes occur at the same rate, so as the substance moves into the cell, an equal amount moves out as well. it results in the amount staying the same as it was before

22
Q

what molecule can move through the phospholipid bilayer?

A

oxygen

23
Q

what molecule can move through channel proteins?

A

ions

24
Q

what molecule can move through carrier proteins?

A

glucose

25
Q

what molecule can move through aquaporins?

A

water

26
Q

what are examples of something that increases diffusion?

A

increase in temperature, larger surface area, etc.

27
Q

simple diffusion

A

direct transport across the cell’s membrane, does not use proteins

28
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

passive transport that needs to use proteins to move, such as channel proteins

29
Q

semi-permeable

A

only some molecules are able to pass through, while others can’t

30
Q

hypotonic

A

higher water concentration and lower solute concentration than what it is being compared to

31
Q

hypertonic

A

lower water concentration and higher solute concentration than what it is being compared to

32
Q

isotonic

A

equilibrium, equal amounts of solute and water in the cell and the solution

33
Q

hypertonic solution’s effects on a cell

A

animal cells will shrivel up and die, plant cells will also shrivel up and die and their cell membrane will pull away from their cell walls (plasmolysis)

34
Q

hypotonic solution’s effects on a cell

A

animal cells will pop from too much water, plant cells with become turgid and stronger

35
Q

isotonic solution’s effects on a cell

A

animal cells will stay the same size, plant cells will become flaccid and floppy

36
Q

endocytosis

A

a type of active transport where a cell membrane engulfs material that are too large to fit normally into it using vesicles. the two types are pino and phago cytosis

37
Q

exocytosis

A

a type of transport where a cell membrane pushes out material that is too large to come out normally using a vesicles that fuses with the cell membrane

38
Q

sodium-potassium pump

A

a type of active transport where sodium ions bind to the pump, ATP stimulates the pump using a phosphate group, and then the pump opens on the other side to let out the sodium ions on the other side of the membrane. Then, potassium ions bind to the pump, the phosphate group is released so the pump goes back to its original position, and the potassium ions are let out on the other side of the cell membrane

39
Q

what is the purpose of a sodium potassium pump

A

maintains the proper concentrations of sodium and potassium ions inside and outside the cell

40
Q

three types of homeostasis

A

osmoregulation (water), thermoregulation (temperature), and carbon dioxide & oxygen regulation

41
Q

three examples of osmoregulation

A

stomata in plants opening and closing, kidneys (urine), and contractile vacuoles in protists

42
Q

three examples of thermoregulation

A

sweating, shivering, and panting

43
Q

three examples of carbon dioxide & oxygen regulation

A

breathing & heart rate, plant stomata, and hyper-ventilating

44
Q

negative feedback

A

an initial change by an outside source stimulates a response to reverse this change and bring it back to a set point

45
Q

positive feedback

A

an initial change stimulates more of this change to occur and produce a rapid change

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