Cell Trafficking

Question 1

What is an acute inflammation?

Answer 1

a nonspecific response to infection or injury that is characterized by enhanced accumulation of immune cells and plasma protein - is a short term process - occurs in 5 min

Question 2

What are some cardinal signs of acute inflammation?

Answer 2

redness
heat
swelling
pain
loss of function

Question 3

What are the cells and inflammatory mediators needed for activation of acute inflammation?

Answer 3

neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, mast cells, and sometimes eosinophils/basophils
inflammatory mediatiors: histamin, bradkinins, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and complement proteins

Question 4

What are the cells needed for chronic inflammation?

Answer 4

monocytes, macrophages, t-cells and sometimes neutrophils

Question 5

How do you resolve acute inflammation?

Answer 5

• the original stimulant much be removed/healed
• allowing the body to heal via normal immune response
• if needed: ice for swelling ,antibiotics for infection and NSAIDS (block prostaglandins)
• cytokines can be involved in turning of inflammation
  
  • ex) IL-10, Transformation Growth Factor (TGF-b)

Question 6

how do you resolve chronic inflammation?

Answer 6

glucocorticoid steroids
immunosuppressants
anti-leukotrienes

Question 7

What is the onset, cause, duration, specificity, cellular involvement, and outcome of an acute inflammation?

Answer 7

onset: immediate
cause: pathogens, tissue injury
duration: short (days)
specificity: nonspecific
cellular involvement: neutrophiles, macrophages
outcomes: resolution, scar formation, possible lead into chronic inflammation

Question 8

What is the onset, cause, duration, specificity, cellular involvement, and outcome of chronic inflammation?

Answer 8

onset: delayed
cause: persistant infection or toxic substance, autoimmune disease
duration: long (months or years)
specificity: specific
cell involvement: macrophages, lymphocytes
outcomes: tissue destruction, fibrosis, necrosis

Question 9

What is the first step of leukocyte recruitment?

Answer 9

1) rolling/selectin activation - selections slow down leukocytes
- selectins are activated by cytokines, histamine or thrombin
- selections are activated and expressed quickly (p-selectins )
- selectins bind to leukocytes with low affinity adhesion molecules

Question 10

What is the second step of leukocyte recruitment?

Answer 10

2) integrin activation of chemokines
- technically happening around the same time as step 1
- integrins bind with low or high affinity but with cytokine involvement bind stronger than selections which slows the leukocyte down even more in prep for the next step

Question 11

What is the third step of leukocyte recruitment?

Answer 11

3) stable adhesion

- more integrins bind and eventually the leukocyte stops and causes the integrin to flatten out

Question 12

What is the third step of leukocyte recruitment?

Answer 12

4) migration through endothelium
- leukocyte changes shape and follows the chemokines to the final site of infection after squeezing through hate endothelial cells (going from blood to tissue)