Cell Theory, Microscopes, Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Question 1

Outline the functions of life

Answer 1

Metabolism, reproduction, sensitivity, homeostasis, excretion, nutrition, growth/movement

Question 2

State the cell theory

Answer 2

all cells come from pre-existing cells, cells are the smallest unit of life, all organisms are made up of cells

Question 3

Outline basic structures in all cells

Answer 3

Plasma membrane- outer border of cell, Genetic material- cell DNA, Ribosomes- create cell proteins, Cytosol- cell internal fluids

Question 4

Describe 4 atypical examples of cell theory

Answer 4

Striated muscle fibers, aseptate fungal hyphae, sieve tube elements, and red blood cells

Question 5

Describe the basics of light microscopes

Answer 5

There are light and electron microscopes

Question 6

Describe the two staining options for light microscopes

Answer 6

Fluorescent labeling and immunofluorescence staining

Question 7

Describe the basics of electron microscopes

Answer 7

Scanning is 3D and transmission is flat or cross section

Question 8

Describe cryogenic electron microscopes

Answer 8

Freezes samples without using heavy metals

Question 9

Describe freeze fracturing

Answer 9

Cracks along a plane, this is how we see the cell membranes

Question 10

What is the formula for magnification?

Answer 10

image/actual

Question 11

Describe the structure of a prokaryote

Answer 11

Structured small and simple, no compartmentalization, circular DNA, and 70s ribosomes

Question 12

What type of ribosomes are found in prokaryotic cells?

Answer 12

70s ribosomes

Question 13

What type of DNA is found in prokaryotic cells?

Answer 13

Circular DNA

Question 14

Describe the 2 domains that contain bacteria

Answer 14

Bacteria and Archaea

Question 15

State the scientific and common shapes found in bacteria

Answer 15

Bacillus - rods, Coccus - spheres, Spirillus- spiral

Question 16

Outline prokaryote replication, aka binary fission.

Answer 16

Prokaryotic cells divide by binary fission. Binary fission is a method of asexual reproduction involving the splitting of the parent organism into two separate organisms.

Question 17

List the kingdoms with the eukaryotic cells.

Answer 17

Animalia (Metazoa), Plantae, Fungi, and Protista

Question 18

Describe eukaryotics

Answer 18

Appeared 1.5 billion years ago, complex, compartmentalized (membrane- bound organelles)

Question 19

Describe organelles

Answer 19

All organelles can maintain their own internal chemistry

Question 20

Describe advantages to compartmentalization in the cytoplasm.

Answer 20

Compartmentalization in the cytoplasm allows the concentration of materials.

Question 21

What kind of ribosomes are found in eukaryotic cells?

Answer 21

80s ribosomes

Question 22

What type of DNA is found in the eukaryotic cells?

Answer 22

Linear DNA

Question 23

Describe the advantages to seperation of the nucleus and cytoplasm.

Answer 23

-Gives cell greater control over transcription and translation.
(Transcription- DNA template for making mRNA ..happens in nucleus)
(Translation- mRNA to make polypeptides.. happens in cytoplasm)

Question 24

Describe the nucleus

Answer 24

-Stores genetic information
-Linear DNA wrapped around the histone proteins
-Has pores in the double membrane

Question 25

Describe the nucleus membrane

Answer 25

A double layer that closes in the cells nucleus, where chromosomes reside.

Question 26

Describe the nucleolus

Answer 26

A spherical structure found in the cell's nucleus whose primary function is to produce and assemble the cells ribosomes.

Question 27

Describe the mitochondria

Answer 27

-Aerobic cellular respiration/ site of ATP production -Double membrane -70s ribosomes -Naked circular DNA of maternal origin

Question 28

Describe the Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 28

- No ribosomes -Lipid synthesis

Question 29

Describe the Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 29

-80s ribosome bound - Creates secretory proteins (proteins to exit the cell)

Question 30

Describe the Golgi Apparatus

Answer 30

-Flattened, stacked, membrane sacs near the plasma membrane -Manufactures, modifies, and packages secretory proteins

Question 31

Describe the Vesicles

Answer 31

-Membranous containers -Transport and store materials -Peroxisomes: break down toxins -Lysosomes: breakdown cellular waste (animals only) -Vacuoles: store excess fluid

Question 32

Describe Chloroplasts

Answer 32

-Site of photosynthesis -Double membranes -70s ribosomes -Naked circular DNA

Question 33

Describe the Cell Wall

Answer 33

-Protects and supports the cell -Made of cellulose, a complex carbohydrate (polysaccharides) -Extracellular component (Beyond the plasma membrane)

Question 34

Describe the centrosomes

Answer 34

-Contain paired centrioles -Assists with cell division

Question 35

List the differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Answer 35

Prokaryotes: -Naked DNA (no histones) -Circular DNA -DNA in nucleoid -Not compartmentalized -70s ribosomes -Reproduction: binary fission Eukaryotes: -DNA wrapped around histones -Linear DNA -DNA in nucleus -Compartmentalized -80s ribosomes -Reproduction: Mitosis or Meiosis