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Cell Theory, Microscopes, Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes > Cell Theory, Microscopes, Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes > Flashcards

Cell Theory, Microscopes, Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

Outline the functions of life

A

Metabolism, reproduction, sensitivity, homeostasis, excretion, nutrition, growth/movement

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2
Q

State the cell theory

A

all cells come from pre-existing cells, cells are the smallest unit of life, all organisms are made up of cells

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3
Q

Outline basic structures in all cells

A

Plasma membrane- outer border of cell, Genetic material- cell DNA, Ribosomes- create cell proteins, Cytosol- cell internal fluids

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4
Q

Describe 4 atypical examples of cell theory

A

Striated muscle fibers, aseptate fungal hyphae, sieve tube elements, and red blood cells

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5
Q

Describe the basics of light microscopes

A

There are light and electron microscopes

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6
Q

Describe the two staining options for light microscopes

A

Fluorescent labeling and immunofluorescence staining

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7
Q

Describe the basics of electron microscopes

A

Scanning is 3D and transmission is flat or cross section

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8
Q

Describe cryogenic electron microscopes

A

Freezes samples without using heavy metals

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9
Q

Describe freeze fracturing

A

Cracks along a plane, this is how we see the cell membranes

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10
Q

What is the formula for magnification?

A

image/actual

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11
Q

Describe the structure of a prokaryote

A

Structured small and simple, no compartmentalization, circular DNA, and 70s ribosomes

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12
Q

What type of ribosomes are found in prokaryotic cells?

A

70s ribosomes

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13
Q

What type of DNA is found in prokaryotic cells?

A

Circular DNA

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14
Q

Describe the 2 domains that contain bacteria

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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15
Q

State the scientific and common shapes found in bacteria

A

Bacillus - rods, Coccus - spheres, Spirillus- spiral

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16
Q

Outline prokaryote replication, aka binary fission.

A

Prokaryotic cells divide by binary fission. Binary fission is a method of asexual reproduction involving the splitting of the parent organism into two separate organisms.

17
Q

List the kingdoms with the eukaryotic cells.

A

Animalia (Metazoa), Plantae, Fungi, and Protista

18
Q

Describe eukaryotics

A

Appeared 1.5 billion years ago, complex, compartmentalized (membrane- bound organelles)

19
Q

Describe organelles

A

All organelles can maintain their own internal chemistry

20
Q

Describe advantages to compartmentalization in the cytoplasm.

A

Compartmentalization in the cytoplasm allows the concentration of materials.

21
Q

What kind of ribosomes are found in eukaryotic cells?

A

80s ribosomes

22
Q

What type of DNA is found in the eukaryotic cells?

A

Linear DNA

23
Q

Describe the advantages to seperation of the nucleus and cytoplasm.

A

-Gives cell greater control over transcription and translation.
(Transcription- DNA template for making mRNA ..happens in nucleus)
(Translation- mRNA to make polypeptides.. happens in cytoplasm)

24
Q

Describe the nucleus

A

-Stores genetic information
-Linear DNA wrapped around the histone proteins
-Has pores in the double membrane

25
Q

Describe the nucleus membrane

A

A double layer that closes in the cells nucleus, where chromosomes reside.

26
Q

Describe the nucleolus

A

A spherical structure found in the cell’s nucleus whose primary function is to produce and assemble the cells ribosomes.

27
Q

Describe the mitochondria

A

-Aerobic cellular respiration/ site of ATP production
-Double membrane
-70s ribosomes
-Naked circular DNA of maternal origin

28
Q

Describe the Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • No ribosomes
    -Lipid synthesis
29
Q

Describe the Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

-80s ribosome bound
- Creates secretory proteins (proteins to exit the cell)

30
Q

Describe the Golgi Apparatus

A

-Flattened, stacked, membrane sacs near the plasma membrane
-Manufactures, modifies, and packages secretory proteins

31
Q

Describe the Vesicles

A

-Membranous containers
-Transport and store materials
-Peroxisomes: break down toxins
-Lysosomes: breakdown cellular waste (animals only)
-Vacuoles: store excess fluid

32
Q

Describe Chloroplasts

A

-Site of photosynthesis
-Double membranes
-70s ribosomes
-Naked circular DNA

33
Q

Describe the Cell Wall

A

-Protects and supports the cell
-Made of cellulose, a complex carbohydrate (polysaccharides)
-Extracellular component (Beyond the plasma membrane)

34
Q

Describe the centrosomes

A

-Contain paired centrioles
-Assists with cell division

35
Q

List the differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

A

Prokaryotes:
-Naked DNA (no histones)
-Circular DNA
-DNA in nucleoid
-Not compartmentalized
-70s ribosomes
-Reproduction: binary fission

Eukaryotes:
-DNA wrapped around histones
-Linear DNA
-DNA in nucleus
-Compartmentalized
-80s ribosomes
-Reproduction: Mitosis or Meiosis

Cell Theory, Microscopes, Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (1 decks)

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