CELL THEORY Flashcards
Cell as biologic building blocks
Robert Hooke
Described the living organism
Anton van leeuwenhoek
Cell theory
Schneider and schwann
THE DNA
Watson and crick
Structure of prokaryotes
Lack of nuclues, external membrane, no cystoskeleton, example bacteria
structure of eukaryotes
have external and internl membrane, have cytoskeleton, ex. mammalian cell
Contains DNA, CONTROL CENTER OF THE CELL, RESPONSIBLE FOR RNA AND DNA REPLICATION AND TRANSCRIPTION
NUCLEUS
Free or bound, PROTEIN FACTORY OF THE CELL
ribosomes
SYSTEM OF MEMBRANE LINED CHANNEL
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
3 REGIONS OF ER
ROUGH ER
TRANSITIONAL REGION (delivery guy)
SMOOT ER
RESPONSIBLE FOR MODIFICATION OF PROTEINS.
ESSENTIAL ORGANELLE IN EUKARYOTIC CELLS, PRIMARILY FOR MODIFYING, SORTING AND PACKAGING PROTEINS ND LIPIDS THAT ARE SYNTHESIZED IN THE ER
- OLAYS A CENTRAL ROLE IN CELL SECRETORY SYSTEM AND IS CRUCIAL FOR MAINTAINING CELLULAR ORGANIZATION.
GOLFI APPARATUS
powerhouse of the cell
mitochondria
Digestive organelle
- membeane bound organelle found in most animal cells, responsible for breaking down recycling various biomolecules and celllular debris
- acts as digestive system, containing enzymes that can degrade proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and carbohydrates
Lysosomes
Lysis means
Loosen or dissolve
-contains biological information of an organism
-organized into chromosomes stored in the nucleus of the cell
-somatic cells contain 23 pair of chromosomes
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID OR DNA
How many chromosomes does somatic cells contain?
23 pair
RESPONSIBLE FOR INFORMATION TRANSPORTATION AND ENZYMATIC FUNCTIONS
-mRNA - carries information to ribosomes
RIBONUCLEIC ACID OR RNA
ATOMIC COMPOSITION
HYDROGEN
OXYGEN
CARBON
NITROGEN
CALCIUM
PHOSPHORUS
SULFUR
TRACE ELEMENTS
MOLECULAR COMPOSITION
WATER
PROTEIN
LIPIDS
CARBOHYDRATES
NUCLEIC ACID
MOST ABUNDANT CONSTITUENT OF THE BODY
PROVIDE SOME FORM AND SHAPE
ASSIST IN MAINTAINING BODY TEMPERATURE
ENTER INTO SOME BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION
WATER
WATER
MOST ABUNDANT CONSTITUENT OF THE BODY
PROVIDE SOME FORM AND SHAPE
ASSIST IN MAINTAINING BODY TEMPERATURE
ENTER INTO SOME BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION
PRODUCTION OF LARGE MOLECULES FROM SMALL
ANABOLISM
BREAKING DOWN INTO SMALLER UNITS
CATABOLISM
FUNCTIONS OF PROTEIN
ENZYMES
HORMONES
ANTIBODIES
Necessary to allow a biochemical reaction
ENZYMES
REGULATORY CONTROL ON SOME BODY FUNCTIONS
HORMONES
PRIMARY DEFENCE MECHANISM OF THE BODY
ANTIBODIES
WHAT BONDS ARE CONNECTING LINEAR SEQUENCE OF AMINO ACIDS
PEPTIDE BONDS
HOW MANY AMINO ACIDS ARE USED IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
22
THE CREATION OF PEPTIDE BONDS REQUIRES WHAT
REMOVAL OF A WATER MOLECULE
CHONT
50% carbon
20% oxygen
17% nitrogen
7% hydrogen
6% trace elements
Composed of CHO atoms
STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF CELL MEMBRANE
LIPIDS
SERVES AS THERMAL INSULATOR
PROVIDES ENERGY STORES
LIPIDS
LIPIDS ARE COMPOSED OF WHAT MOLECULES?
Glycerol and fatty acid
WHAT CHO MOLECULES
PROVIDE STRENGTH?
glucose and chitin
COMPOSED OF CHO ATOMS
LARGELY CONSIST OF WATER MOLECULES
PROVIDES SHAPE AND STABILITY
CARBOHYDRATES
carbohydrates are also called
saccharides
provides fuel for cell metabolism
carbohydrates
Saccharides
Monosaccharides
disaccharides
Polysaccharides
starches
glycogen
are the simpliest form of carbohydrates, consisting of a single sugar molecule. they are the building blocks of more complex carbohydrates like disaccharides and polysaccharides
monosaccharides
play a critical role in energy metabolism and serve as precursor for other biological molecules
monosaccharides
Examples of monosaccharides
glucose
fructose
galactose
ribose
deoxyribose
key energy source, found in fruits, vegetables and honey
glucose
sweetst, found in fruits, honey and root vegetables
fructose
component of lactose. (milk sugar)
galactose
a five sugar carbon sugar found in RNA and ATP
Ribose
A modified ribose sugar found in DNA
deoxyribose
Examples of disaccharides
Sucrose (table sugar)
lactose ( milk sugar)
maltose (malt sugar)
formed through a condensation reaction
disaccharides
where a molecule os removed and a glucosidic bond is formed between two monosaccharides
the bond can be broken through __ which adds water to split disaccharides back into its monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Hydrolysis
2 principle of nucleic acids
deoxyribonucleic acid - NUCLEUS
ribonucleic acid - CYTOPLASM
-COMMAND AND CONTROL
-CONTAINS ALL HEREDITARY INFORMATION OF THE CELL
-LOCATED PRINCIPALLY IN THE NUCLEUS
-RADIATION SENSITIVE TARGET MOLECULE
-DOUBLE HELIX
DNA
-mRNA
-tRNA
-involved in growth and development of the cell
-located principally in thr cytoplasm
-single helix
RNA
SUGAR PHOSPHATE COMBINATION
nucleotides
Nucleobase attached to each deoxyribose
ADENINE
GUANINE
THYMINE
CYTOSINE
crucial for maintaining the cells internal environment synthesizing proteins and lipids
responsible for cell organization and homeostasis
endoplasmic reticulum
lacks ribosome, breakdown,or metabolism of drugs, synthesis of steroids and calcium storage
smooth er
produces and process protein for the cell
rough er
invovled in autophagy
lysosomes
process in which a cell consumes its own damage
autophagy
programmed cell death
apoptosis
