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Cell theory Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are three statements of cell theory?

A

Living organisms are made of one or more cells.
Cells are the smallest units of life.
All cells are from cells.

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2
Q

What are two main types of organisms (considering the number of cells)?

A

Unicellular and multicellular.

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3
Q

Are viruses alive?

A

No, they are not made of cells.

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4
Q

What are 7 functions of living things?

A

Nutrition
Growth
Reproduction
Response - reaction to stimulus
Excretion - expelling of waste
Metabolism - all chemical reactions in the body
Homeostasis - attempt to keep the conditions inside the body unchanged.

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5
Q

What is differentiation?

A

The process in which cells become different and specialise for particular function.
All cells in our body are more or less the same.

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6
Q

What are emergent properties?

A

All properties that emerge from the interactions of all their component parts.

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7
Q

What is the main idea of emergent properties?

A

The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

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8
Q

Explain why is surface area/volume ratio as it is.

A

The bigger/smaller the cell the smaller/bigger the surface area/volume ratio.
Cells need large surface areas for the exchange of materials.
A lot of small cells have bigger surface area than large cells of a comparable V
Cell area is small because they can exchange material better.

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9
Q

What are STEM cells?

A

Cells that have not yet differentiated.
They can become any other types of cells.

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10
Q

Where can we find STEM cells?

A

In embryos
We can obtain them from ambrical cord or placente.

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11
Q

What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Give examples.

A

Prokaryotic do not have a nucleus or internal membrance bound - organelles (cyanobacteria and bacteria).
Eukaryotic do have a nucleus (everything else).

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12
Q

Give to features of prokaryotic cells.

A

Smaller than eukaryotic, and the structure is surrounded by a membrane.

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13
Q

P
Cell membrane

A

Controls what will enter or leave the cell.

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14
Q

P
Cell wall

A

Protects the cell.

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15
Q

P
Slime capsule

A

Additional protection of a cell (only sometimes present)

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16
Q

P
Flangella

A

Responsible for the moving of the cell.

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17
Q

P
Pili

A

Attaching to the surface.

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18
Q

P
Cytoplasm

A

Space inside of a cell, various chemical reactions occur there.

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19
Q

P
Ribosomes

A

Not organelles since do not have a membrane
Produce proteins
Size is 70S.

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20
Q

P
Nucleoid

A

Region of a cytoplasm that controls the whole cell, contains genetic material (DNA)

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21
Q

P
Plasmid

A

Small additonal pieces of genetic material that can be usefull.

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22
Q

How do prokaryotic cells decide?

A

Binary fussion.

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23
Q

How are eukaryotic cells organised?

A

They have internal structures with their own membranes.

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24
Q

What is an organelle?

A

The body inside the euk. cell surrounded by its own memb.
Each organelle has a specific function.

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25
Q

What are the advantages of compartmentalization?

A

One process will not be interrupted by another.
Each compartment is constructed for a particular function (pH, temperature…)

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26
Q

Which euk. organelles have double membrane?

A

Nucleus
Mitochondrion
Chloroplast

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27
Q

E
Cell nucleus

A

surrounded by a double-layered membrane with nuclear pores.
Contains genetic material which controls the cell.

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28
Q

E
Nucleolus

A

Small area inside a cell nucleus with different density.

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29
Q

E
Endoplasmic reticulum

A

A system of membranes which looks like a labyrinth.
Production and transport of substances.

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30
Q

sER and rER

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum - without ribosomes
produce and transport some fats for cell use
rough endoplasmic reticulum - with ribosomes
produce and transports proteins that go outside of the cell

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31
Q

E
Free ribosomes

A

Protein production
The structure of ribosomes in rER and free ribosomes is the same size the 80S
Produce proteins for the cell - enzymes for destruction of something.

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32
Q

E
Vesicles

A

Small bubbles in a cell that might contain various substances.

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33
Q

E
Lysosomes

A

Vesicles which contain digestive enzymes - it can attack and destroy unwanted materials.

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34
Q

E
Golgy apparatus (golgy body)

A

No ribosomes
Proteins synthesized on rERs are refound here
Processed proteins are packed into vesicles ade secreted (that is why they are so many vesicles next to it)

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35
Q

How to distinguish ER and golgy apparatus?

A

Golgy apparatus has typical shape and ER is more wide spread.

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36
Q

E
Mitochondrion

A

ATP production
double membrane

37
Q

E
Chloroplast

A

Double membrane
Contains chlorophyll
Photosynthesis - only in plants, algae…

38
Q

E
Central vacuole

A

A big vesicle
Largest organelle in a plant cell
Stores water and other juices
The membrane that surrounds it is under pressure from within and exerts a force on the cytoplasm, cell is firm.

39
Q

What are plasma membranes composed of?

A

A phospholipid bilayer

40
Q

What is the relationship between phosolipids and water?

A

Hydrophilic head
Hydrophobic tail

41
Q

What is the model of a membrane called?

A

Fluid - mosaic model

42
Q

Why is the membrane stable?

A

Hydrophobic tails
Hydrophilic heads
It is barely stable.

43
Q

Why is the memb. fluid?

A

Components can move position a little bit, they are notrigid.

44
Q

Why is the memb. a barrier?

A

Only the smallest molecules can pass

45
Q

Why is memb. a mosaic?

A

Because phospholipid bilayer is embedded with protein

46
Q

What is the memb. composed of?

A

Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Proteins

47
Q

Cholesterol

A

Found in animal cell membranes and functions to improve stability and reduce fluidity.

48
Q

What are three types of proteins in the memb.?

A

Integral (transmembrane)
Peripheral
Gylcoprotein

49
Q

Integral proteins

A

Penetrate the mebrane, partially at least
Take it out, you disrupt the membrane

50
Q

Pheripheral

A

On the inner/outer surface of the membrane

51
Q

Glycoprotein

A

prot+sugar on the outer surface of the membrane
Integral protein

52
Q

What are mem. prot. responsible for?

A

The majority of functions of the cell membrane

53
Q

5 functions of the membrane proteins

A

They can be channels through which substances can travel
They can be pumps which are able to pump substances actively in or out
They can be glycoproteins which sense the presence of some substances in the environment
they can be enzymes which speed up chemical reactions
They can be electron carriers which are able to carry electrons

54
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Spontaneous movement of particles from higher to lower concentrations

55
Q

What is gradient?

A

Difference in concentration

56
Q

What does down the gradient mean?

A

From higher to lower concentration

57
Q

What five factors impact the speed

A

temperature higher T - faster diffusion
Surface area - larger surface area - faster diffusion
Concentration gradient - higher gradient - faster diffusion
size of particles - smaller particles - faster diffusion
Diffusion medium -
s slowest
l faster
g fastest

58
Q

What is simple diffusion

A

Small molecules (O2, CO2) across a cell membrane directly

59
Q

What is facilitated diffusion

A

Big molecules (eg. glucose) across a cell membrane through channel proteins

60
Q

What is the characteristics of channel proteins and why

A

They are specific, so they can control what goes in and what out.

61
Q

What the cell cannot control?

A

The direction ofthe movement

62
Q

Facilitated and simple diffusion graph

A

At first, facilitated is faster but as some point all channel proteins are taken

63
Q

Solute

A

substance being dissolved

64
Q

Solvent

A

suvstance present in greater amount (H2O)

65
Q

solution

A

homogeneous mixture of solute and solvent

66
Q

absolute conc.

A

diluted solution
concentrated solution

67
Q

diluted solution

A

a little bit of solute

68
Q

concentrated solution

A

a lot of solute

69
Q

relative conc.

A

hypertonic solution
isotonic solution
hypotonic solution

70
Q

hypertonic solution

A

higher solute conc.

71
Q

isotonic solution

A

equal solute conc.

72
Q

hypotonic solution

A

lowe solute conc.

73
Q

semipermable membrane

A

partially permable memb. that allows some substances to pass, but not others

74
Q

semipermable membrane ex.

A

cell membrane

75
Q

osmosis

A

a spontaneous process in which traveling of H2O through semipermable memb. from less dense to more dense solution

76
Q

two caracteristics of osmosis

A

movement of H2O
semipermable memb. is required

77
Q

what happens to a red blood cell in a hypertonic solution

A

it shrivels because water goeas out

77
Q

what happens to a red blood cell in a hypertonic solution

A

it shrivels because water goes out

78
Q

what happens to a red blood cell in a hypotonic solution

A

it bursts because water travels inside of the cell

79
Q

4 characteristics of passive transport

A

spontaneous
doesn’t require E
needs a conc. gradient
particles move down the conc. gradient

80
Q

3 ex. of passive transport

A

simpe diffusion
facilitated diffusion
osmosis

81
Q

What are four characteristics of active transport?

A

Not spontaneous
Requires energy from ATP
moves up the concentration gradient (from lower to higher conc.)

82
Q

What are the three characteristics of protein pumps?

A

Active transport is possible because of protein pumps
they require ATP
they are specific - each pump transports only a particular substance in a particular direction.

83
Q

Give and example of a protein pump

A

Na+ and K+ pump transports Na+ outside of the cell and K+ inside - axon action potential

84
Q

When are endocytosis and exocytosis used

A

For transport of big molecules, or huge amounts of molecules through the memb. using vesicles

85
Q

Are endo/exocytosis active or passive

A

neighter

86
Q

Do endo/exocytosis require E?

A

Yes

87
Q

How do exo/endocytosis move in the conc. gradient

A

They are not dependend of it

88
Q

Which role does the memb. fluidity have in endo and exocytosis

A

It allows the meb. to change shape, break and reform

Biology (1 decks)

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