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Biology > Cell : The Unit of Life > Flashcards

Cell : The Unit of Life Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

In living things, growth is _____.

In non-living things, growth is _____.

A
  1. Intrinsic

2. Extrinsic

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2
Q

Who first saw and described a live cell?

A

Anton Von Leeuwenhoek

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3
Q

Who discovered the nucleus?

A

Robert Brown

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4
Q

Who discovered plasma membrane and cell wall?

A

Theodore Schwann

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5
Q

Which scientist observed that cells are made of different cells which form tissues?

A

Matthias Schleiden

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6
Q

“Life always arises from pre-existing cells.”
Which two scientists stated this?
Write its original statement.

A

Rudolf Virchow and Louis Pasteur.

Omnis cellula-e cellula.

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7
Q

Who formulated the cell theory?

State its postulates. (2)

A

Schleiden and Schwann.

(i) all living organisms are composed of cells and products of cells.
(ii) all cells arise from pre-existing cells.

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8
Q

Drawbacks of cell theory. (3)

A
  1. Never explained the division of a cell.
  2. Ribosomes have no membrane.
  3. RBCs and viruses don’t reproduce.
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9
Q

Characteristics of a prokaryotic cell. (3)

A
  1. Don’t have a membrane-bound nucleus
  2. Have 70S ribosome in cytoplasm.
  3. Monerans
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10
Q

Characteristics of a eukaryotic cell. (3)

A
  1. Have a membrane-bound nucleus
  2. Have 80S ribosome in the cytoplasm, mitochondria, rough ER, chloroplasts (only plants).
  3. Starts from Protista
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11
Q

State the lengths of:

  1. Mycoplasma
  2. Bacteria
  3. RBC
A
  1. 3 micrometer
  2. 3-5 micrometer
  3. 7 micrometer
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12
Q

Cell vary in shape with respect to _______.

A

Their Functions

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13
Q

RBCs are ________ in mammals and amphibians but _______ in other animals.

A
  1. Biconcave

2. Round

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14
Q

WBCs are _____. Their movement is called _____.

A
  1. Amoeboid

2. Diapedesis

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15
Q

Name:

  1. The largest isolated single cell.
  2. Longest cell.
A
  1. Ostrich egg

2. Nerve cell

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16
Q

Another name for blue-green algae.

A

Cyanobacteria

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17
Q

Why is cyanobacteria a drawback of the 5-kingdom classification?
Write its major characteristic.

A

Because it is algae but is still included in Monera.

It is an oxygenic autotroph.

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18
Q

Full form of PPLO.
How was PPLO discovered?
Write its characteristics. (2)

A

Pleuro Pneumonia-like Organisms.
Discovered it when a cow got pneumonia.
They are smaller and multiply faster than eukaryotic cells.

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19
Q

What are the four basic shapes of bacteria?

A
  1. Bacillus - rod
  2. Coccus - sphere
  3. Vibrio - comma
  4. Spirillium - spiral
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20
Q

Write the size of:

  1. Eukaryotic cell
  2. Bacteria
  3. PPLO
  4. Virus
A
  1. 10-20 micrometer
  2. 1-2 micrometer
  3. 0.1 micrometer
  4. 0.02-0.2 micrometer
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21
Q

All prokaryotes have cell walls, except _____.

A

Mycoplasma

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22
Q

The genetic material in prokaryotes is naked. This means that ______.

A

There are no histone proteins.

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23
Q

Write characteristics of Genomic DNA (2) and Circular DNA (4).

A

Genomic DNA

  1. Also called Housekeeping DNA.
  2. Essential, controls vital activity.

Circular DNA

  1. Also called a plasmid.
  2. It is extra non-essential.
  3. Confers phenotypic characters to bacteria, eg. resistance to antibiotics.
  4. Used to monitor bacterial transformation with foreign DNA.
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24
Q

Two unique organelles in prokaryotes are?

A
  1. Inclusion

2. Mesosomes

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25
Q

Define Transformation.

A

Introduction of vector DNA to host cell.

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26
Q

What are the three layers of the cell envelope in prokaryotes?
What is the function of the cell envelope?

A
  1. Glycocalyx
  2. Cell wall
  3. Plasma membrane

Function - Protection

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27
Q

Who developed the staining procedure of bacteria?
Those that take up the stain are _____. Those who don’t take up the stain are ______.
_______ don’t take up stain because they have a _______.

A
  1. Gram
  2. Gram-positive, Gram-negative
  3. Gram-negative, lipid layer
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28
Q

What are the two types of glycocalyx?

A
  1. Slime layer - loose sheath

2. Capsule - thick and tough

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29
Q

What is the cell wall in bacteria made of?

What are its functions?

A
  1. Cell wall is made of a heteropolysaccharide called Peptidoglycan. It is made of N-acetyl glucose amine (NAq) and N-acetyl muramic acid (NAM).
  2. It determines the shape of a cell and strong structural support to prevent bursting/collapsing.
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30
Q

What is the Bactrian plasma membrane made of?

State its function.

A
  1. Lipid bilayer (like eukaryotes)

2. selectively permeable, interactive

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31
Q

Describe mesosomes.
What are its three forms?
What are its functions?

A
  1. They are extensions of the plasma membrane.
  2. Vesicles, tubules, lamellae
  3. a. Cell wall formation, DNA replication, distribution to daughter cells.
  4. b. Respiration, secretion, increase the surface area of plasma membrane and enzymatic content.
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32
Q

Membranous extensions in cyanobacteria are called ______.

They contain _______.

A
  1. Chromatophores

2. pigments

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33
Q

_______ is a thin filamentous extension in bacteria.
It is an extension of ________.
Its main function is _______.

A
  1. Flagella
  2. cell wall
  3. motility
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34
Q

What are the three parts of the bacterial flagellum?

A

Filament, Hook and Basal body

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35
Q

What are bacterial pili made of?
State their function.
How are fimbriae useful to the bacteria?

A
  1. Pilin protein
  2. Reproduction
  3. Adhesion
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36
Q

In prokaryotes,

  1. Ribosomes are associated with?
  2. Their size is?
A
  1. Plasma membrane

2. 15-20 nm

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37
Q
  1. Ribosomes are a site of ________.
  2. Several ribosomes may attach to a single ______ and form a chain called _______ or ________.
  3. Ribosomes of a polysome translate ______ into _______.
A
  1. Protein synthesis
  2. mRNA, polyribosome or polysome.
  3. mRNA, proteins
38
Q

1.Reserve material in prokaryotic cells are stored in ______ in the form of _______.
They are not bound by any membrane system.

  1. State 3 substances that they store.
A
  1. cytoplasm, inclusion bodies
  2. Phosphate granules
    Cyanophycean granules
    Glycogen granules
39
Q
  1. Gas vacuoles provide _______.

2. Gas vacuoles are found in _______, _______ and ______ photosynthetic bacteria.

A
  1. Buoyancy

2. Blue-green, purple, green

40
Q

Cytoskeletal structures of eukaryotic cells are made of _____ and ______.

A

proteins, microtubules

41
Q
  1. Genetic material of eukaryotic cells is organized into ________.
  2. Configuration of the nucleus is _____.
A
  1. chromosomes

2. 2n

42
Q

Plant cells consist of _______ in the cell wall.

A

B-cellulose (beta)

43
Q

Centrioles help animal cells in ______.

A

cell division

44
Q
  1. Nucleolus produces _______.

2. Peroxisome produces ______.

A
  1. rRNA - ribosomal RNA

2. Peroxidases

45
Q

_________ is a cytoplasmic cell junction that allows ______ water movement.

A

Plasmodesmata, symplastic

46
Q

The lysosome is called a suicidal bag. Why?

A

The high acidic content bag that burst when a cell is damaged beyond repair.

47
Q

Packaging of vesicles in plant cells is done by ______.

A

Dictyosomes

48
Q

In chloroplast, chlorophyll is present in ______ membrane.

A

thylakoid

49
Q

Microvilli _____ surface area of absorption.

It is present mainly in _____ and _____.

A
  1. increase

2. small intestine, PCT

50
Q

The centriole is at ____ angle in a cell.

A

90, right angle

51
Q

Why were RBCs used to study plasma membrane?

A

Because RBCs are hollow, have no organelles inside.

Easier to study plasma membranes.

52
Q

Plasma membrane consists of _____ arranged in a bilayer.
Polar heads are _______ and hydrophobic tail is ______.
Lipid component of membrane consists mainly of ________.

A
  1. phospholipids
  2. outside, inside
  3. phosphoglycerides
53
Q

In addition to phospholipids, membrane also consists of _______.
It provides _____ to the plasma membrane.

A

Cholesterol

Fluidity

54
Q

Cholesterol is formed from _______ in the _____.

It is of two types. What are they?

A
  1. acetic acid, liver
  2. LDL - low-density lipoprotein
    HDL - high-density lipoprotein
55
Q

Why is LDL cholesterol considered dangerous?

A

It causes atherosclerosis and coronary artery diseases.

56
Q

In human beings, the erythrocyte membrane has approx ___% protein and ___% lipids.

A

52, 40

57
Q

Depending on the ease of extraction, membrane proteins are divided into ______ and _______.

A

Integral and Peripheral proteins

58
Q

The phospholipid layer consists of which two parts?

A
  1. Hydrophilic phosphate

2. Hydrophobic lipid

59
Q

________ is present on the surface of the plasma membrane.

It is a receptor for ______.

A
  1. Peripheral protein

2. water-soluble hormone

60
Q

An improved model of the structure of cell membrane was proposed by ______ and _______ (1972) widely accepted as the ________.

A

Singer and Nicolson

Fluid mosaic model

61
Q

The ability of proteins to move within the membrane is measured as its _______.
What are the two types of movements?

A
  1. fluidity
  2. Lateral- along the same membrane
    Flip-flop- between different membranes
62
Q

Why is fluidity important for membranes? (5)

A
  1. cell growth
  2. formation of intercellular junctions
  3. secretion
  4. endocytosis
  5. cell division
63
Q
  1. Intake of food by a cell is called ______.
  2. Intake of liquids by a cell is called ______.
  3. Exiting waste by a cell is called ______.
A
  1. Endocytosis
  2. Pinocytosis
  3. Exocytosis
64
Q

What are passive transport, osmosis and active transport in context to plasma membrane?

A
  1. Passive Transport
    Molecules move briefly across a membrane without using energy.
  2. Osmosis
    Movement of water molecules from higher to lower concentration via semi-permeable plasma membrane
  3. Active Transport
    Energy-dependent process of facilitated transport from lower to higher concentration (uses ATP)
65
Q

As the polar molecules cannot pass through the nonpolar lipid bilayer, they require a ________ to move.
Give an example of active transport.

A
  1. carrier protein

2. Na+/K+ pump

66
Q

The bridge between two cell-wall cells is called _________.

A

plasmodesmata

67
Q

The cell wall forms an outer covering for the plasma membrane of _____ and ______.

A

fungi and plants

68
Q

State functions of the cell wall. (4)

A
  1. Gives shape to the cell
  2. Protects the cell from mechanical damage and infection
  3. It also helps in cell-to-cell interaction
  4. Provides a barrier to undesirable macromolecules
69
Q

What is an algae cell wall made of?

What is a plant cell wall made of?

A
  1. cellulose, galactans, mannans and minerals like calcium carbonate
  2. cellulose, hemicellulose, pectins and proteins.
70
Q

The cell wall of a young plant cell, the _______ is capable of growth.

It gradually diminishes as the cell matures and the ________ is formed on the _______ side of the cell.

A
  1. primary wall

2. secondary wall, inner (towards membrane)

71
Q

The middle lamella is a layer mainly of __________ which holds or glues the different neighbouring cells together.

A

calcium pectate

72
Q

The cell wall and middle lamellae may be traversed by _________ which connect the cytoplasm of neighbouring cells.

A

plasmodesmata

73
Q

In the primary wall, cellulose is _____ than hemicellulose.

In the secondary wall, cellulose is ______ than hemicellulose.
It doesn’t support ______.

A
  1. less

2. more, growth

74
Q

Which organelles does the endomembrane system consist of?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Golgi complex
Lysosomes
Vacuoles.

75
Q

ER divides the intracellular space into two distinct compartments, ________ and ________ compartments.

A 
luminal (inside ER) 
extra luminal (cytoplasm)
76
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum in the cytoplasm of muscle cells

77
Q

What is the function of RER and SER?

A
  1. RER - protein synthesis and secretion.
  2. SER - synthesis of lipid. In animal cells lipid-like
    steroidal hormones are synthesised in SER.
78
Q

What are steroidal hormones? Give 6 names.

A

Hormones derived from cholesterol

Androgens, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, cortisol, aldosterone

79
Q
  1. Who first observed Golgi bodies in 1898?

2. Describe their appearance and position.

A
  1. Camillo Golgi
  2. They consist of many flat, disc-shaped sacs or
    cisternae of 0.5µm to 1.0µm diameter.
    These are stacked parallel to each other.
    Only observed when densely stained.
80
Q

The Golgi cisternae are concentrically arranged near the nucleus with distinct _______ or the forming face and ________ or the maturing face.
They are interconnected.

A

convex cis

concave trans

81
Q

Materials to be packaged in the form of vesicles from the ER fuse with the ______ face and move towards the ______ face.

A

cis, trans

82
Q

What are the functions of Golgi bodies?

A
  1. Packaging materials to be released/secreted
  2. Formation of glycoproteins and glycolipids
    (glycosylation)
  3. Formation of lysosomes by packaging
83
Q

How are proteins synthesised in ribosomes released in the cell?

A

Modified in the cisternae of the Golgi apparatus before they are released from its trans face.

84
Q
  1. What are lysosomes rich in?

2. Those enzymes are capable of?

A
  1. Lysosomal vesicles are rich in almost all types of hydrolytic enzymes.
    (hydrolases –lipases, proteases, carbohydrases)
  2. Optimally active at the acidic pH.
    Capable of digesting carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids.
85
Q
  1. The vacuole is bound by a single membrane called _______.

2. What is its function?

A
  1. Tonoplast

2. Facilitates transport of materials against concentration gradients into the vacuole

86
Q
  1. In plant cells the vacuoles can occupy up to ___% of the volume of the cell.
  2. Concentration is ______ in the vacuole than in the cytoplasm.
A
  1. 90%

2. higher (more)

87
Q

In sperms, Golgi bodies contain ______ that synthesise proteolytic and hydrolytic enzymes.

A

acrosome

88
Q
  1. In Amoeba the contractile vacuole is important for _______ and ________.
  2. In entamoeba, contractile vacuole is ______.
A
  1. osmoregulation, excretion

2. absent

89
Q
  1. The number of mitochondria per cell is variable depending on?
  2. Red muscle has _____ mitochondria than white muscles.
  3. What kind of respiration do the above muscles perform?
A
  1. physiological activity of cell
  2. more
  3. red - aerobic
    white - anaerobic
90
Q
  1. The mitochondrial outer membrane is ______ permeable than the inner membrane.
  2. ______ cycle occurs in mitochondria.
A
  1. less

2. Krebbs

91
Q
  1. The inner compartment is filled with a dense homogeneous substance called the ______.
  2. The inner membrane forms a number of infoldings called the _______ towards the matrix.
  3. Mitochondria are the sites of _______ respiration. They produce cellular energy in the form of _____.
  4. The mitochondria divide by ______.
A
  1. matrix
  2. cristae
  3. aerobic, ATP
  4. fission
92
Q
  1. What components does the matrix have?

2. Mitochondria is an _______.

A
  1. single circular DNA molecule
    few RNA molecules
    ribosomes (70S)
    components required for the synthesis of proteins.
  2. endosymbiont

Biology (1 decks)

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