cell test

Question 1

which polysaccharide has the greatest number of branches

Answer 1

glycogen

Question 2

why are human enzymes that digest starch unable to digest cellulose

Answer 2

cellulose is made up of a beta-glycosidic bond that human enzymes can not break down

Question 3

how does RNA and DNA differ

Answer 3

RNA- Single strand, leaves the nucleus, sugar is ribose, synthesise proteins
DNA- double helix strand, stays in the nucleus, sugar is deoxyribose, holds genetic information

Question 4

what are the three parts of a nucleotide

Answer 4

phosphate, sugar, and a nitrogenous base

Question 5

compare and contrast sugar polymers

Answer 5

Starch is made up of alpha glycosidic bonds which human enzymes can break down whereas cellulose is made of beta glycosidic bonds that can not be broken down by human enzymes

Question 6

what property is common to all lipids

Answer 6

they have fatty acids, part of the plasma membrane, and mostly carbon and hydrogen bonds

Question 7

A fish lives in the Arctic. will it have more unsaturated or saturated fatty acids? Why?

Answer 7

Unsaturated due to the double helix bonds making it a liquid

Question 8

A protein you are working on has a lysine. where on the tertiary structure of the protein would you expect to find this amino acid

Answer 8

you would find lysine in specific spots to be able to interact with other amino acids

Question 9

explain the four levels of protein folding

Answer 9

The primary - sequence of amino acids
secondary- a Felix and b sheet, common folds
tertiary- 3d structure of protein
quaternary- fully functioning complex

Question 10

sickle cell disease can be caused by a single mutation from Glu to Val. why do you think this mutation is so damaging to hemoglobin structure

Answer 10

because the val mutation is much more smaller causing the hemoglobin to be smashed trying to get through

Question 11

which of the following is not found in RNA
Adenine
cytosine
thymine
guanine

Answer 11

thymine

Question 12

highly branched =
plant structure =
carbs we like eating =

Answer 12

glycogen
cellulose
start

Question 13

compare and contrast RNA and cellulose

Answer 13

RNA is a protein synthesis why cellulose provides a structure for plants

Question 14

what is the tertiary level of protein folding

Answer 14

3d structure of protein

Question 15

Nuclear Envelope

Answer 15

A double membrane that separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell

Question 16

nucleus

Answer 16

stores DNA and makes RNA

Question 17

Nuclear pores

Answer 17

connects the nucleus and cytoplasm together

Question 18

Ribosomes

Answer 18

make protein

Question 19

nucleolus

Answer 19

make ribosomes

Question 20

home of the chromatin

Answer 20

nucleus

Question 21

what does the Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) do

Answer 21

its where the smooth er (makes lipids) and rough er (makes proteins) is

Question 22

what does the Golgi apparatus do

Answer 22

once it gets the protein from the transport vesicle it modifies the protein

Question 23

lysosomes

Answer 23

have digestive enzymes that break down old parts and reuses them

Question 24

vacuoles

Answer 24

plants don’t have this but it stores water, sugar and protein. but also breaks down sugar and protein

Question 25

which organelles are unique to plant cells

Answer 25

chloroplasts- allowing plants to convert light energy to chemical energy cell wall-layer that provides structural support and protection (made of cellulose) central vacuole- stores water, nutrients, and waste

Question 26

Microtubules

Answer 26

hollow tubes, tubulin, dynein, 2 centrioles and 25nm outside

Question 27

microfilaments

Answer 27

2 entwined strands, actin, myosin, 7nm, and used for cell structure and cell walking

Question 28

intermediate filaments

Answer 28

the cable of wounded protein, keratin very strong, 8-12nm, used for a permeate hold

Question 29

What is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

Answer 29

eukaryotic cells have a nucleus whereas prokaryotic cells do not

Question 30

peroxisomes

Answer 30

have 1 membrane, transfer electrons to make hydrogen peroxide, and used for detoxification and energy harnessing

Question 31

mitochondria

Answer 31

has membrane and cristae, makes ATP, and has its DNA

Question 32

chloroplast

Answer 32

light energy - chemical energy, thylakoids in a stack of granum

Question 33

whats an endomembrane

Answer 33

organelles that are interconnected and work together (ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and plasma membrane)

Question 34

plasmodesmata

Answer 34

only in plants and has holes that make plant cell continuous

Question 35

tight junctions

Answer 35

seal the gap between cells

Question 36

Desmosome

Answer 36

very strong rivets of keratin that hold cells together very tightly

Question 37

gap junctions

Answer 37

like a door making cells continuous

Question 38

ECM (extracellular metric)

Answer 38

mixture rich in glycosylated proteins

Question 39

Describe the structure of a biological membrane

Answer 39

Phospholipid bilayer and embedded proteins

Question 40

whats the role of cholesterol in a plasma membrane

Answer 40

maintain fluidity and stability

Question 41

if an oligosaccharide is covalently linked to a lipid in the lumen of the rough ER on which side of the plasma membrane may the sugars end up

Answer 41

extracellular side of the plasma membrane

Question 42

describe the kinds of molecules that diffuse across the membrane

Answer 42

oxygen water and carbon dixoide

Question 43

If a marine algal cell is suddenly transferred from seawater to freshwater, what will happen

Answer 43

due to the difference in solute concentration water will move into the cell causing it to swell or burst

Question 44

what do you think happens to the plasma membrane when the cell is doing a lot of bulk transport

Answer 44

it becomes more flexible to be able to uptake more molecules

Question 45

what are three ways glucose can enter a cell

Answer 45

simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion and active transport

Question 46

whats the role of membrane proteins

Answer 46

(integral, peripheral, glcoproteins) transport, enzymatic activity, cell-cell recognition, and intracellular joining

Question 47

simple diffusion

Answer 47

goes right through the membrane (oxygen)

Question 48

facilitated diffusion

Answer 48

guides molecules through (protein channel/carrier)

Question 49

hypertonic

Answer 49

large amounts of stuff disolved=no free water

Question 50

hypotonic

Answer 50

less amounts of dissolved = lots of free water

Question 51

isotonic

Answer 51

everything equal

Question 52

bulk transport

Answer 52

pinocytosis- sucks in whatever is floating by phagocytosis- engulfs things

Question 53

active transport

Answer 53

pumps molecules against its concentraion gradiation