cell structures Flashcards
how many micrometers in a mm
1000
what do you have to use to see the appreance of the cell
electron microscope
what is the ultrastructure
able to see all organnelles of the cell
defenition of oraganelle
a speciallised structure with a specific function inside a cell
what are cell membranes made of
phospholipids and proteins
what is the advantage of eukaryotic cells having membrane bound organelles?
potentially harmful chemicals such as enzymes can be concentrated in one area
rest of the cell cannot be destroyed
what is an eukariot
cell with a nucleus
what does every cell include at some point
nucleus
what is in the nucleoplasm
chromatin
what happens when the cell devides (to do with chromatin)
chromatin is the dna
appears like a chromosome when the cell divides
what is the nucleuolus surrounded by?
nuclear membrane
what are organelles?
small structures which have a specific role
what is a plant cell membrane made of?
cellulose
another name for cytoplasm
cytosol
% of water in cytoplasm
90%
what are dissolved in cytoplasm
tiny soluble substances
small ions like sodium, chloride
organic molecules - amino acids, ATP
size of nucleus
10 - 20 um
what is in the nucleus
dna - with protein comprises the chromosomes
how does chromosomes direct protein synthesis
site of transcription
what happens to chromatin during cell division
condenses into chrmosomes
what does the nucleolus do
sites of formation of rna, constituent of ribosomes
what are the 3 parts of the nucleus
nuclear envelope
nucleoplasm
nucleolus
nuclear envelope structure
double membrane
pores to allow large molecules like nucleotides from the nucleus into the cytoplasm but keeping the DNA inside
what is the nucleolus
+ function
small spheric body
males rna which is neccessary to make ribosomes
what are the 3 functions of the nucleus
1 - includes cells genetic information - dna carries codes to produce protein
2- nuclear membrane seperates the nucleus from the rest of the cell but with pores
3- nucleolus produces ribosomes
structure of mitochondria
- double membrane - seperated by narrow inter membrane space filled with liquid - folds inwards - cristae
- inside includes organic matrix including numerous chemical compounds like lipids and proteins
what is the organic matrix (mitochondria)
solution containing many compounds including lipids and proteins
does mitochondria have dna
yes - small rings of dna
to replicate and code for some of its proteins and rna
size of ribosomes in a eukaryot
80s
what is the function of the mitochondria?
to produce ATP in aerobic respiration
this ATP is used for synthesis of lipids/proteins/ lactose/ exocytosis/ active transport
where do the reactions happen in the mitochondria
some in the matrix and some in the inner membrane
why is cristae good?
increases surface area for the attatchement of enzymes
example of an cell which will have a lot of mitochondria?
liver cells
why does mitochondria pictures look so different from each other?
looks different because seen on a different cross section
why are mitochondria cylindrical?
benefit of this?
surface area to volume ratio is bigger compared to a sphere
reduces diffusion distance between the edge and center making aerobic respiration more efficient
what type of cells need a lot of ATP?
metabollicaly active cells
what type of membrane does a chloroplast have?
double
where can you find chloroplasts
cells of photosynthestsing tissue
length of chloroplasts
5 - 10 um in length
(bigger than mitochondria)
what does the stroma include
fluid filled
contains some of the products of photosynthesis including lipid droplets and starch grains
what is similar between chloroplasts and mitochondria
circular DNA
70s ribosomes
what are the flat sacs in chloroplasts called?
thylakoides
what are a stack of thylakoides known as
granum
how many thylakoides are in a granum
between 2 and a hundred parallell sacs
where can you find chlorophyll in the cell?
thylakoids
why are granums beneficial?
large srface area to trap light energy