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Unit 1.2 Biology AS Level 🌺 > cell structures > Flashcards

cell structures Flashcards

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1
Q

how many micrometers in a mm

A

1000

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2
Q

what do you have to use to see the appreance of the cell

A

electron microscope

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3
Q

what is the ultrastructure

A

able to see all organnelles of the cell

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4
Q

defenition of oraganelle

A

a speciallised structure with a specific function inside a cell

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5
Q

what are cell membranes made of

A

phospholipids and proteins

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6
Q

what is the advantage of eukaryotic cells having membrane bound organelles?

A

potentially harmful chemicals such as enzymes can be concentrated in one area

rest of the cell cannot be destroyed

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7
Q

what is an eukariot

A

cell with a nucleus

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8
Q

what does every cell include at some point

A

nucleus

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9
Q

what is in the nucleoplasm

A

chromatin

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9
Q

what happens when the cell devides (to do with chromatin)

A

chromatin is the dna
appears like a chromosome when the cell divides

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9
Q

what is the nucleuolus surrounded by?

A

nuclear membrane

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10
Q

what are organelles?

A

small structures which have a specific role

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11
Q

what is a plant cell membrane made of?

A

cellulose

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12
Q

another name for cytoplasm

A

cytosol

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13
Q

% of water in cytoplasm

A

90%

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14
Q

what are dissolved in cytoplasm

A

tiny soluble substances
small ions like sodium, chloride
organic molecules - amino acids, ATP

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15
Q

size of nucleus

A

10 - 20 um

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16
Q

what is in the nucleus

A

dna - with protein comprises the chromosomes

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17
Q

how does chromosomes direct protein synthesis

A

site of transcription

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18
Q

what happens to chromatin during cell division

A

condenses into chrmosomes

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19
Q

what does the nucleolus do

A

sites of formation of rna, constituent of ribosomes

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20
Q

what are the 3 parts of the nucleus

A

nuclear envelope
nucleoplasm
nucleolus

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21
Q

nuclear envelope structure

A

double membrane
pores to allow large molecules like nucleotides from the nucleus into the cytoplasm but keeping the DNA inside

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22
Q

what is the nucleolus
+ function

A

small spheric body
males rna which is neccessary to make ribosomes

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23
Q

what are the 3 functions of the nucleus

A

1 - includes cells genetic information - dna carries codes to produce protein

2- nuclear membrane seperates the nucleus from the rest of the cell but with pores

3- nucleolus produces ribosomes

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24
Q

structure of mitochondria

A
  • double membrane - seperated by narrow inter membrane space filled with liquid - folds inwards - cristae
  • inside includes organic matrix including numerous chemical compounds like lipids and proteins
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25
Q

what is the organic matrix (mitochondria)

A

solution containing many compounds including lipids and proteins

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26
Q

does mitochondria have dna

A

yes - small rings of dna
to replicate and code for some of its proteins and rna

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27
Q

size of ribosomes in a eukaryot

A

70s

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28
Q

what is the function of the mitochondria?

A

to produce ATP in aerobic respiration

this ATP is used for synthesis of lipids/proteins/ lactose/ exocytosis/ active transport

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29
Q

where do the reactions happen in the mitochondria

A

some in the matrix and some in the inner membrane

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30
Q

why is cristae good?

A

increases surface area for the attatchement of enzymes

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31
Q

example of an cell which will have a lot of mitochondria?

A

liver cells

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32
Q

why does mitochondria pictures look so different from each other?

A

looks different because seen on a different cross section

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33
Q

why are mitochondria cylindrical?

benefit of this?

A

surface area to volume ratio is bigger compared to a sphere

reduces diffusion distance between the edge and center making aerobic respiration more efficient

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34
Q

what type of cells need a lot of ATP?

A

metabollicaly active cells

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35
Q

what type of membrane does a chloroplast have?

A

double

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36
Q

where can you find chloroplasts

A

cells of photosynthestsing tissue

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37
Q

length of chloroplasts

A

5 - 10 um in length
(bigger than mitochondria)

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38
Q

what does the stroma include

A

fluid filled

contains some of the products of photosynthesis including lipid droplets and starch grains

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39
Q

what is similar between chloroplasts and mitochondria

A

circular DNA
70s ribosomes

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40
Q

what are the flat sacs in chloroplasts called?

A

thylakoides

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41
Q

what are a stack of thylakoides known as

A

granum

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42
Q

how many thylakoides are in a granum

A

between 2 and a hundred parallell sacs

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43
Q

where can you find chlorophyll in the cell?

A

thylakoids

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43
Q

why are granums beneficial?

A

large srface area to trap light energy

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43
Q

what are plastids

A

organnelles have a specfific role depending on the type of cell theyre in eg

amyloplast - storing startch in cells

43
Q

what is the endosymbiotic theory?

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts have their origins in free - living prokaryotes

44
Q

can chloroplasts duplicate themselves?

A

yes because they have dna

45
Q

what is the er connected to?

A

nuclear envelope

46
Q

what is the endoplasmic rectilium

A

elabrote system of paralell double membranes formin flattened sacs with interconnected, fluid filled spaces between them called cristernae

47
Q

what does rough er do

A

package the protein created by the ribosomes int vesicles and transport them into the golgi body

48
Q

where can you find rough er

A

present in large amount in cells that make a lot of protein

49
Q

what does smooth er do?

A

synthesis and transport of lipids

50
Q

what do the ribosomes on the rough ers surface do

A

synthesise polypeptide chain

then threaded through the pore to the cisternae

51
Q

(rough er) what happens to the polypeptide chain in the cisternae

A

bends to form a 3d shape

52
Q

how is the polypeptide chain transported to the golgi body

A

er membrane can break off to form vesicles to carry

53
Q

main function of smooth er

A

detoxifies drugs and alcohol

54
Q

what do smooth er have on their membranes

A

enzymes that catalyses the synthesis of lipids

55
Q

smooth er and wine

A

increase in alcohol, increase in smooth er
broken down much quicker - increases tolerance to the drug - more is needed to provide the same effect

56
Q

size of ribosomes in prokaryot cells

A

70s

57
Q

size of ribosomes in eukaryot cells

A

80s

58
Q

structure of ribosomes

A

one large subunit and one small
made from rRNA and protein

59
Q

where are ribosomes created

A

nucleolus

60
Q

what is the function of a ribosome

A

important for protein synthesis within the cell

61
Q

how does the golgi body form

A

as er is pinched at both ends to form small vesicles - number of theese combine and fuse to form golgi body

62
Q

simply what does the golgi do?

A

proteins modified and packaged

63
Q

how does the golgi body secrete proteins

A

exocytosis

64
Q

how are lysosomes formed

A

small vacuoles formed as parts of the golgi body are pinched off

65
Q

lysosomes structure

A

single membrane

include and isolate digestive enzymes

66
Q

what are the 3 functions of lysosomes

A

phagocytosis
autophagy
exocytosis

67
Q

what is autophagy

A

release digestive enzymes and destroy organelles

68
Q

lysosomes where does autophagy happen

A

in the vacuole with is lined with membranes where a number of lysosomes can release their contents

69
Q

what is phagocytosis

A

digest materials that the cell has ingested

70
Q

how does phagocytosis work

A

lysosomes fuses with the membrane of thevesicle which has ingested the material and release the enzyme into vesicle

71
Q

what happens after the content of the vesicle is digested in phagocytosis

A

useful materials absorbed into the cytoplasm
surplus released through exocytosis

72
Q

what is exocytosis?

A

release of the enzymes within lysosomes allows the digestion of cells which surround the cell

73
Q

what type of cells can you find centrioles

A

found in animal cells not plant

74
Q

where can you find centrioles

A

situated immediatley outside the nucleus in a bit of cytoplasm called the centrasom

75
Q

structrue of centrioles

A

contains 2 empty cylinders at right angles to each other

includes nine set of microtububles which are set in cirlce

76
Q

what happens to centrioles during cell division

A

centrioles duplicate themselved so that each new cell includes a pair of centrioles

77
Q

function of centrioles

A

synthesise microtubes

78
Q

what are the function of microtubes

A

1- give the cell shape and support

2- spindle that will form during cell division to seperate the chromosomes have formed a microtubule

79
Q

structure of vacuole

A

liquid filled sac surrounded by a single membrane (tonoplast)

80
Q

what is the liquid in the vacuole

A

cell sap (substance with salt and sugar)

81
Q

what is the name of the single membrane around the vacuole

A

tonoplast

82
Q

function of vacuole

A

1 - maintains shape of the plant
2 - food store
3- chemical waste collects here - taste keeps herbivores away

83
Q

what is the cell wall made of

A

consists of largerly cellulose molecules held together in microfibrilis embedded in a polysaccharide matrix called pectin

84
Q

simply - what are the 3 functions of the cell wall

A

transport
mechanical strength
communication between cells

85
Q

what is the plasmodesmata

A

strands of cytpolasm which pass through pores

86
Q

where does plasmodesmata occur?

A

no cellulose thickenning between 2 cells , strand of cytoplasm runs from one cell to the next

87
Q

what is the network of cytoplasm in connected cells called?

A

symplast

88
Q

what is the symplast pathway important for?

A

important in water transport through a plant

89
Q

nucleus function

A

contains DNA which codes for protein synthesis

90
Q

nuclear pores function

A

allows the transport of mRNA and ribosomes out of the nucleus

91
Q

nuclear envelope function

A

seperates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm

92
Q

nucleolus function

A

produces RNA and ribosomes

93
Q

chromatin function

A

condenses before cell division to form chromosomes

94
Q

rough er function

A

packaging and storing proteins
producing transport vesicles which merge to form the golgi body

95
Q

smooth er function

A

produce, package and transport steroids and lipids

96
Q

golgi body function

A

packaging and modification of proteins

97
Q

lysosomes function

A

contains powerful digestive enzymes to break down worn out cells

98
Q

centrioles function

A

form the spindle durin cell division

99
Q

mitochondria function

A

ATP synthesis by aerobic respiration

100
Q

chloroplasts function

A

contains photosynthetic pigments which trap light energy for photosynthesis

101
Q

vacuole function

A

contains cell sap and stores solutes such as glucose
swells due to osmosis for turgidity

102
Q

ribosomes function

A

protein synthesis

103
Q

plasmodesmata function

A

connects cells via cytoplasm filled canals

104
Q

cell wall function

A

mechanical strength due to high tensile strength of cellulose microfibrilis

105
Q

what do animal cells use as a store

A

glycogen grain

106
Q

what do plant cells use as a store

A

startch grain

107
Q

where are cilia and flagellum present

A

animal cells

108
Q

where are centrioles present

A

animal cells

109
Q

in what type of cells are lysosomes present

A

animal cells

110
Q

where is cytoplasm in an animal cell

A

throught the cell

111
Q

where is cytoplasm in an plant cell

A

cytoplasm pushed to the sides of the cell to form a thin layer

112
Q

organelle path in the cell

A

nucleus
nuclear pore
RER
vesicle
golgi body
secretory vesicle
cell membrane

Unit 1.2 Biology AS Level 🌺 (3 decks)

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