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Biology A Level > Cell structure - Microscopy and organelles > Flashcards

Cell structure - Microscopy and organelles Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the formula for magnification?

A

Magnification = Size of image/ Size of actual object

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2
Q

What are the four types of Microscope?

A
  1. Light Microscope
  2. Laser scanning confocal microscopes
  3. Transmission electron microscopes
  4. Scanning electron microscopes
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3
Q

Describe what a light microscope does

A

Uses light to look at LIVING samples, but at low resolution and magnification

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4
Q

Describe what a laser scanning confocal microscope does

A

Uses light in lasers to receive a higher resolution that optical microscopy, but cannot achieve the magnification of electron microscopes. LSCMs allow for a depth selection and can construct 3D images on computers.

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5
Q

Describe what a TEM does

A

Passes electrons through a sample, getting a high resolution and magnification of a cell’s organelles, but can only provide a flat cross sectional image.

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6
Q

Describe what a SEM does

A

Bounce electrons off the surface for a 3D surface view of the cells, but has a lower resolution then TEMs.

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7
Q

Why can samples not be alive in electron microscopes?

A

Because it has to be done in a vacuum.

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8
Q

What are the three steps of preparing a sample for microscopy?

A
  1. Sectioning - Specimens are embedded in wax and a thin layer is cut
  2. Staining - Stains are added that bind to specific molecules, organelles or cell types. These could be coloured or florescent chemicals or metal particles.
  3. Measuring - An eyepiece graticule and a stage micrometer are used to calibrate light microscopes.
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9
Q

What organelles are found in most eukaryotic cells?

A 
Cell surface Membrane
(80S) Ribosomes
Golgi apparatus
Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum
Round Endoplasmic reticulum
Lysosomes
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Centrioles
(sometimes Cilia and flagella)
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10
Q

What do plant cells have that animal cells do not?

A

Cell wall
Permanent vacuole
Chloroplasts

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11
Q

What organelles do prokaryotic cells have?

A 
Plasmid - Small circular DNA
Circular DNA - Main loop of DNA
Capsule -Mucous layer
Pilus - Membrane projections
70S Ribosomes 
Flagella - Locomotion 
Cell wall
Cell membrane
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12
Q

What is the order of the process of protein synthesis?

A
  1. Nucleus codes for proteins via mRNA, which leaves the nucleus through pores
  2. Ribosomes - convert mRNA into proteins.
  3. Rough ER - Packages proteins and pinches them into vesicles for transport
  4. Golgi apparatus - Modifies and packages proteins and pinches them into vesicles for transport
  5. Cell membrane - Fuses with the vesicle, secreting proteins outside of the cell
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13
Q

What are the four main uses of the Cytoskeleton?

A
  1. Keeps cell shape stable
  2. Allows cell movement by extending cytoplasm
  3. Provides mechanical strength
  4. Moves organelles within cells
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14
Q

What is the Cell surface membrane and what is it’s function?

A

Phospholipid bilayer with membrane proteins; control movement of substances in and out of a cell

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15
Q

What is the nucleus and what is it’s function?

A

Surrounded by a nuclear membrane; contains DNA and a nucleolus where RNA and ribosomes are formed.

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16
Q

What is the function of the Smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Synthesises, stores and transports lipids and carbohydrates

17
Q

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Coated in ribosomes; Provides large area for protein synthesis

18
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Rigid wall of chitin or cellulose; provides structure and support

19
Q

What is the function of the lysosomes?

A

Secrete harmful substances out of the cell

20
Q

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A

Modifies, sorts and packages proteins

21
Q

What is the function of the chloroplasts?

A

Contain DNA and chlorophyll to carry out photosynthesis

22
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Have folded inner cristae and their own DNA; Respire to produce ATP

23
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes?

A

Protein and RNA complexes for protein synthesis

24
Q

What is the function of the permanent vacuole?

A

Provides a store for cell sap and can provide support and structure depending on how full of water it is.

25
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

Where most of the chemical reactions in the cell take place.

26
Q

How do you create a temporary wet mount?

A
  1. Place specimen in the middle of a glass microscope slide
  2. Use a pipette to drop 1-2 drops of water onto the specimen
  3. Cover with a glass slip cover so that it is as flat as possible.

Biology A Level (12 decks)

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