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Biology > Cell Structure & Microscopes > Flashcards

Cell Structure & Microscopes Flashcards

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1
Q

TEM principles

A
  • Uses electrons to form images
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2
Q

Organelles common in plant and animal cells (9)

A
  • Cell surface membrane
  • Nucleus
  • Mitochondrion
  • Ribosomes
  • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  • Rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Golgi vesicles
  • Lysosome
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3
Q

Cell surface membrane

A

Thin phospholipid bilayer (~ 7 nm) that surrounds the cell and controls exchange between the cell and its environment

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4
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

A

Similar to RER but no ribosomes. It synthesises lipids, steroids and hormones. Stores and transports carbs

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5
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Oval-shaped organelles with thylakoid membranes arranged in stacks called grana. Has an internal fluid called stroma where light-dependent reactions take place

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6
Q

Method of cell fractionation and ultracentrifugation

A
  1. Tissue is cut and kept in a cold isotonic and buffered solution
  2. Tissues is further broken by a homogeniser and debris is filtered
  3. Homogeniser tissue is spun in an ultracentrifuge at a low speed which increases for 10 mins
  4. The ultracentrifugation then results in a supernatant and pellet
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7
Q

Mitochondrion

A

Performs photosynthesis to synthesize glucose; ENERGY CONVERTER; Has it’s own DNA and a DOUBLE MEMBRANE

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8
Q

Organelles in a prokaryote

A
  • Flagellum
  • Cell wall
  • Ribosomes
  • Plasmid
  • Cytoplasm
  • Capsule
  • Nucleoid
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9
Q

Resolution

A

Ability to distinguish between two objects that are very close together - higher resolution = more detail

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10
Q

Specialised cells

A

Cells found in multicellular organisms which are organised into tissues - organs - systems

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11
Q

Organelles in a virus

A
  • DNA/RNA
  • Protein capsid
  • Attachment protein
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12
Q

Lysosome

A

A golgi vesicle that releases lysozyme and contains other hydrolytic enzymes

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13
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Cells with a nucleus e.g. plant, animal and fungal cells

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14
Q

Organelles that are in plants but not animals

A
  • Vacuole
  • Cell wall
  • Chloroplasts
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15
Q

Formula for magnification

A

Image size / size of real object

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16
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

Cells without a nucleus e.g. bacteria

17
Q

Ribosome

A

Tiny granules which are 25 nm in diameter and acts as a site for protein synthesis. 80S in eukaryotic cells

18
Q

SEM functionality

A
  • Magnification to 1,000,000x
  • Resolution to 3-20 nm
  • Only dead or non-living specimens are observed
19
Q

Golgi apparatus and golgi vesicles

A

Stacks of flattened membranes which modifies proteins and makes lysosomes. It collects, processes and sorts molecules that are then transported in golgi vesicles to other parts of the cell or secreted out of it

20
Q

Benefits of using stains

A
  • Give clear indication of present substances in cells and their distribution
  • Non-invasive technique (don’t destroy the cell)
21
Q

Viruses

A

Acellular, non-living cells

22
Q

Nucleus

A

It controls gene expression and mediates the replication of DNA during the cell cycle

23
Q

Cell Theory

A

All life on earth exists as cells; Cells are the smallest structural unit; All cells come from other cells

24
Q

Cell wall

A

Composed mainly of cellulose in plants, chitin in fungi, and cellulose and/or glycoproteins in algae. Provides strength yet permeable

25
Q

Magnification

A

Number of times bigger the size of an image is compared to its actual size

26
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

A

An extended system of membrane sacs encrusted with ribosomes and synthesises proteins

27
Q

Light microscope functionality

A
  • Magnification to 2000x
  • Resolution to 200 nm
  • Can observe any type of species
28
Q

What are artefacts?

A

Various things found during specimen or slide preparation

29
Q

TEM functionality

A
  • Magnification to 1,000,000x
  • Resolution to 0.2 nm
  • Only dead or non-living specimens are observed
30
Q

Vacuole

A

Contains sap and supports the plant

31
Q

Types of microscope

A
  • Light
  • Transmission electron (TEM)
  • Scanning electron (SEM)
32
Q

Light microscope principles

A
  • ## Uses light to form an image
33
Q

Why are stains used in microscopy?

A

To colour different components of cells

34
Q

SEM principles

A
  • Uses electrons to form images
35
Q

Additional features of prokaryotic cells

A
  • One or more plasmids
  • A capsule surrounding the cell
  • One or more flagella

Biology (4 decks)

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