cell structure in eukaryotes

Question 1

what is the cytosol

Answer 1

liquid component of the cell

Question 2

what is the cytoplasm

Answer 2

liquid/organelles/molecules in the cell

Question 3

what is the structure of the nucleus

Answer 3

-double membrane
-RNA move through nuclear pores
-chromatin
-nucleolus

Question 4

what is the chromatin

Answer 4

consist of DNA and histones scattered in the nucleus

Question 5

what is the nucleolus

Answer 5

consist of DNA, RNA, Proteins
-is dense region where ribosomes synthesised

Question 6

what is the function of the nucleus

Answer 6

-control cell functions via DNA transcription
-controlling gene expression
-protein synthesis and ribosome production
-storing DNA

Question 7

structure of the cell surface membrane

Answer 7

-Phospholipid bilayer
-phosphate head=hydrophilic
-fatty tail=hydrophobic

Question 8

functions of cell surface membrane

Answer 8

-entry and exit of substances
-partially permeable

Question 9

structure of mitochondria

Answer 9

-has inner and outer membrane.
-inner membrane high surface area.
-folded to form cristae
-own DNA to synthesis specific enzymes

Question 10

function of mitochondria

Answer 10

aerobic respiration

Question 11

structure of ribosome

Answer 11

-2 protein subunits
-1 large subunit
-1 small subunit
-often associated with RER but can be free in cytoplasm

Question 12

structure of golgi complex

Answer 12

-comprise golgi apparatus, 7 vesicles
-golgi apparatus membrane bound,fluid filled structure
-vesicles detached fluid filled pockets

Question 13

function of the golgi complex

Answer 13

-process/package proteins and lipids
-proteins and lipids stored in vesicles to be transported out of cell

Question 14

structure of lysosome

Answer 14

-type of vesicle
-enzymes such as lysosome which breaks apart molecules

Question 15

function of lysosome

Answer 15

-digest invading cells, old cell parts and complex bio molecules

Question 16

structure of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

Answer 16

-ribosomes attach along outer surface
-large surface area increase rate of protein synthesis

Question 17

function of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

Answer 17

protein synthesis to assemble amino acids into polypeptides, then fold to give 3D structure

Question 18

structure of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

Answer 18

-network of long,thin cisternae
-high surface area

Question 19

function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

Answer 19

synthesis/modification of lipids

Question 20

why might lipids have to be synthesised

Answer 20

e.g produce phospholipids for membranes

Question 21

structure of permanent cell vacuole

Answer 21

-membrane bound pocket of cell sap
-membrane called tonoplast

Question 22

function of permanent cell vacuole

Answer 22

-maintain osmotic pressure in cell
-store unwanted cell sap

Question 23

Structure of cell wall

Answer 23

-Rigid, provide definite structure to cell
-permeable
-plants and algae made of cellulose

Question 24

are permanent cell vacuoles found in animals

Answer 24

no they are only found in plants

Question 25

What structure do chloroplasts contain

Answer 25

discs called thylakoids

Question 26

what is the gel like stroma in chloroplast surrounded by

Answer 26

a double membrane

Question 27

what do the thylakoids contain

Answer 27

light absorbing pigments

Question 28

when stacked what do thylakoids form

Answer 28

grana

Question 29

what are thylakoids linked by

Answer 29

membranes called lamella

Question 30

what is the function of chloroplasts

Answer 30

photosynthesis

Question 31

what is the structure of a vesicle

Answer 31

membrane filled sac

Question 32

what is the function of the vesicle

Answer 32

storage/transport of substances

Question 33

what are fungi cell wall walls made of

Answer 33

made of chitin

Question 34

what are bacteria cell walls made of

Answer 34

peptidoglycan

Question 35

what are cilia

Answer 35

hair like structures found on surface membrane of some animal cells

Question 36

what does the cross section of cilia show

Answer 36

outer membrane and ring of 9 pairs of protein microtubules, single pair of microtubules in middle

Question 37

what arangment is formed in cilia

Answer 37

9+2

Question 38

what do microtubules allow cilia to do

Answer 38

allows them to move

Question 39

why is movement important to cilia

Answer 39

cilia can push substances along cell surfaces

Question 40

what is the structure of undulipodia (Flagellum)

Answer 40

is very similar to cilia but longer

Question 41

how does the Flagellum move

Answer 41

microtubules contract which moves flagellum

Question 42

what does centrioles consist of

Answer 42

2 bundles of microtubules at right angles to each other

Question 43

what do centrioles do during cell division

Answer 43

help with separation of chromosomes during division

Question 44

what do centrioles help form

Answer 44

cilia and undulipodia

Question 45

where are centrioles commonly found

Answer 45

in animal cells and rarely in plant cells

Question 46

what does the cytoskeleton consist of

Answer 46

microfilaments (very thin) microtubules (cylindrical)

Question 47

what does the cytoskeleton do

Answer 47

aid in transport and hold organelles in place