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MFM I > Cell Structure/Function > Flashcards

Cell Structure/Function Flashcards

1
Q

Cell

A

Smallest unit of life

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2
Q

2 basic groups of life

A

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

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3
Q

What do prokaryotes not have?

A
  1. Nucleus

2. Membrane-bound organelles

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4
Q

Where is DNA stored in prokaryotes?

A

In the nucleoid region - tethered to the membrane

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5
Q

Prokaryotic membrane is encased by…

A

Cell wall

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6
Q

Purpose of cell wall

A

Protection

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7
Q

What is the cell wall made of?

A

Peptidoglycan

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8
Q

Structure of peptidoglycan

A

Carbohydrate backbones crossed with peptide bridges

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9
Q

2 classes of antibiotics that inhibit cell wall formation

A

Beta lactams (penicillin) and Glycopeptide antibiotics (vancomycin)

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10
Q

Organelles of the eukaryotic cell

A

PM, GA, ER, nucleus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and mitochondria

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11
Q

Differences between PC and EC

A
  1. unicellular vs. multi-
  2. Cell wall vs. no cw
  3. No organelles vs. organelles
  4. No nucleus/eolus vs. present
  5. single, circular DNA vs chromosomal arrangement
  6. very small vs. large comparatively
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12
Q

Another name for PM

A

plasmalemma

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13
Q

Phospholipid structure

A

hydrophilic head linked to glycerol via a phosphate group and two long, nonpolar hc tails (FA origination)

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14
Q

Integral MP

A

permanently associated with M

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15
Q

Peripheral MP

A

transiently associated with M

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16
Q

Major components of plasma membrane

A

Lipids and Proteins

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17
Q

Percentages of different lipids that make up PM

A

75% - phospholipids
20% - cholesterol
5% - glycolipids - face extracellular environ

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18
Q

How much volume of the membrane do proteins take up?

A

50%

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19
Q

5 major phospholipids

A 
Phosphatidylethanolamine
Phosphatidlyserine
Phosphatidylcholine
Sphingomyelin
Sphingosine
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20
Q

Other type of phospholipid

A

Phosphoinositides - not abundant in PM but help with signaling and vesicle transport

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21
Q

Enzymes that allow flipping over of PLs

A

flippases

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22
Q

Structure of glycolipid

A

sphingosine backbone with short carb molecule attached

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23
Q

Roles of glycolipids

A

Cell recognition and used to determine blood type

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24
Q

Examples of glycolipids

A

Cerebrosides - muscle/nerve cell

Gangliosides - nerve cell

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25
Q

Main function of lipids in PM

A

Interaction with cell signaling pathway

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26
Q

Functions of cholesterol

A

Fill spaces between PLs and make the PM more rigid/less permeable

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27
Q

4 ways in which proteins associate with PM

A
  1. Transmembrane - integral
  2. Monolayer-associated - integral
  3. Lipid-linked
  4. Protein-attached
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28
Q

4 functional classes of transmembrane proteins

A
  1. Transporters
  2. Anchors
  3. Receptors
  4. Enzymes
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29
Q

What can diffuse across PM?

A

Small nonpolar and uncharged polar molecules

30
Q

What cannot diffuse across PM?

A

Large uncharged polar molecules and ions

31
Q

Concentrations of K, Cl, Na, and Ca intra vs extracellular

A

More of everything outside the cell except K

32
Q

Is the nucleus enclosed by 1 or 2 membranes?

A

2 - inner and outer nuclear membrane (INM and ONM)

33
Q

ONM

A

continuous with the ER

34
Q

INM

A

associated with matrix of lamin family proteins known as the nuclear lamina

35
Q

nuclear lamina

A

contributes to nucleus rigidity and shape

36
Q

Nucleolus contents

A

composed of rRNA and proteins

37
Q

Progeria

A

caused by mutation within lamin A gene

38
Q

Lamin A gene

A

one of the nuclear lamina proteins - helps support rigidity and shape of nucleus

39
Q

Progerin

A

mutated form of the lamin A protein - formed due to use of cryptic splice site

40
Q

How many membranes does the mitochondria have?

A

2 - an inner and an outer

41
Q

Inner membrane of mitochondria

A

is 5x greater in surface area due to foldings called cristae

42
Q

Do all cells have the same number of mito?

A

No, ones that are more metabolically driven require more - ex. liver cells

43
Q

Matrix

A

innermost part of the mitochondria

44
Q

3 main functions of the mito

A
  1. Power plants (provide ATP energy, machine for oxidative phosphorylation, and components of TCA cycle found in matrix)
  2. Contain enzymes needed for metabolic processes (beta oxidation, heme and steroid synthesis)
  3. Contain molecules involved in apoptosis
45
Q

Who contributes mito DNA to offspring?

A

the mother (maternal inheritance), no genetic recombination occurs

46
Q

What DNA is used by the mito?

A

mDNA - for some but not all protein production

nuclear DNA - the rest of the proteins needed

47
Q

Structure of mtDNA

A

circular

48
Q

mitochondrial myopathies

A

mitochondrial diseases dealing with the muscles, symptoms occur once more mutant mtDNA is formed than normal

49
Q

Which has higher mutation rate: nuclear DNA or mtDNA?

A

mtDNA mostly due to lack of repair mechanisms

50
Q

Symptoms of mitochondrial myopathies

A

drooping eyelids, inability to use muscle, trouble swallowing, limb weakness

51
Q

hydrolases

A

digestive enzymes found within lysosomes

52
Q

lysosomes

A

the stomach of the cell filled with hydrolases, acidic environment within, very important within immune cells

53
Q

lysosomal storage diseases

A
  1. autosomal recessive, 2. result from defect within hydrolases, leading to accumulation of substances
  2. increased mass of cell or degeneration in brain cells
54
Q

Who does LSDs affect the most?

A

children, die within a few years of birth

55
Q

Tests for LSDs

A
  1. test for reduced hydrolase levels
  2. loss of enzymatic activity
  3. accumulation of enzyme in the blood
56
Q

Tay-Sachs Disease

A

caused by deficiency in hexosaminidase A (Hex A) enzyme, infantile Tay-Sachs (most common) causes neurological degen at around 3-6 months and continues until death (2-4 yrs), characterized by cherry-red spot on the retina

57
Q

hexosaminidase A

A

enzyme that normally breaks down ganglioside in the brain, deficiency leads to neuronal cell death due to accumulation

58
Q

Hurler Syndrome

A

caused by defect in alpha-L-iduronidase enzyme (found in lysosomes), exhibit skeletal abnormalities and mental retardation

59
Q

alpha-L-iduronidase

A

normally found in lysosomes and break down glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), defects result in acc of GAGs - can be detected in urine

60
Q

peroxisomes

A

organelles with reactions to form H2O2, breakdown VLCFA - beta oxidation, contains enzyme catalase, catalyzes rxns to form plasmalogen, abundant in liver/kidney cells

61
Q

catalase

A

peroxisomal enzyme, converts H2O2 to H2O and O2

62
Q

peroxisomal biogenesis disorders

A

autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations within peroxins, results in acc of VLCFAs ex. Zellweger syndrome

63
Q

Peroxins

A

proteins involved in formation of peroxisomes

64
Q

Zellweger Syndrome

A

a peroxisomal biogenesis disorder

  1. impaired brain development
  2. liver and kidney lesions
  3. diagnosed by acc of VLCFAs
  4. usually fatal within a year
65
Q

unfolded protein response

A

quality control for newly synthesized secretory proteins - incorrect protein formation leads to shutdown of protein synthesis or apoptosis of cell

66
Q

Where is calcium mainly stored?

A

In the ER (sarcoplasmic reticulum)

67
Q

What does the signal sequence do?

A

directs the ribosome to the ER during translation

68
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

source of secretory vesicles, cis face receives transport vesicles and trans face releases secretory vesicles

69
Q

3 main functions of GA

A
  1. modifications
  2. packaging
  3. sorting
70
Q

I-cell disease

A

rare inherited condition characterized by defective physical growth and mental retardation
caused by deficiency in phosphorylating enzyme found in GA

71
Q

mechanism of I-cell disease

A

lysosomal enzymes remain unphosphorylated due to defect in GA phosphorylating enzyme (GlcNac-1-phosphotransferase). Leads to enzyme going outside the membrane instead of going to lysosome, found in the blood

children on survive for 5-7 years

MFM I (2 decks)

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